Fig. 1.

A model of the human red cell membrane. The network of the membrane skeleton is anchored to the plasma membrane via transmembrane proteins and through direct interactions with lipids [1, 11]. The domains of spectrin are: triple helical domain (black–white cylinders; ankyrin binding elements in red); CH domain (green squares); EF-hands (red merged circles); and SH3 domain (yellow star). AE1 anion exchanger 1, GLUT1 glucose transporter 1, GP A glycophorin A, GP C glycophorin C, Rh rhesus factor, Rh AG Rh antigen