Table 2.

Transgenic mice expressing cytokine or chemokine in the CNS

Molecule	Promoter	Target	Phenotype	References
Cytokines
TNF-α	Unknown	GPg	Ataxia, seizures, motor defects. CNS infiltration: CD4+, CD8+ T cells, macrophages. Histopathology: demyelination, moderate axonal damage	[184, 185]
TNF-α	GFAPa	Astrocytes	TNF: chronic inflammatory disease, neurodegeneration, astrocytosis and microgliosis/With unclearable transmembrane form of TNF-α: clinic similar than with TNF, Histopathology: demyelination and loss of neuronal axons, infiltration, widespread astrocytosis and microgliosis	[186]
TNF-α	NFLb	Neurons	TNF: chronic inflammation/with a membrane form of TNF-α: no pathology	[186]
TNF-α	MBPc	ODCh	No clinical or histological signs. Increased susceptibility to active EAE	[183]
INF-γ	MBPd	ODC	Shaking/tremor. CNS infiltration: macrophages. Histopathology: hypomyelination, reactive gliosis, microglia activation	[188]
INF-γ	MBPd	ODC	Shaking, hind-limb weakness, hunched posture. CNS infiltration: CD8+ T cells, macrophages. Histopathology: demyelination, microglia activation	[189]
IFN-α	GFAPe	Astrocytes	Ataxia, premature death. CNS infiltration: CD4+, CD8+, and B cells. Histopathology: microglia activation, neurodegeneration, astrogliosis	[261]
TGF-β1	GFAPe	Astrocytes	Motor disease, no spontaneous inflammation, increased EAE	[262]
IL-3	GFAPe	Astrocytes	Strong IL-3 expression: early onset of acute neuroinflammatory disease	[218]
			Low IL-3 expression: late onset of chronic progressive motor disorder
			Histopathology: demyelination, microglia/macrophage activation
IL-6	GFAPe	Astrocytes	Runting, tremor, ataxia, seizures. Histopathology: inflammation (diffuse), neurodegeneration, astrocytosis	[209]
IL-6	NSEf	Neurons	No clinical signs. Histopathology: reactive astrocytosis, gliosis, no neuronal damage	[263]
IL-12 (p35 + p40)	GFAPe	Astrocytes	Ataxia, muscle atrophia. CNS infiltration: T and NK cells. Histopathology: neurodegeneration, reactive astrocytosis. Enhanced susceptibility to active EAE	[203]
IL-12 (p40)	GFAPe	Astrocytes	No clinical or histological phenotype. Reduced susceptibility to active EAE	[203]
Chemokines
CXCL1	MBPd	ODC	Progressive neurological dysfunction. CNS infiltration: neutrophils. Glial activation: microglia, astrocytes	[253]
CXCL10	GFAPe	Astrocytes	No clinical signs. CNS infiltrate: dominated by neutrophils and macrophage. T cells present to a lesser extent (CXCL10-dose and age-related)	[249]
CCL2	MBPd	ODC	No clinical signs. CNS infiltrate: monocytes and macrophages. Reduced susceptibility to active EAE	[247, 264]
CCL2	GFAPe	Astrocytes	No clinical signs. CNS infiltrate: monocytes (diffuse). Reduced susceptibility to active EAE	[248]
CCL19	MBPd	ODC	No clinical or histological phenotype	[252]
CCL21	MBPd	ODC	Loss of reflex, tremor, ataxia, premature death. CNS Infiltrate: neutrophils, macrophages, occasionally eosinophils. Glial activation: Microglia, astrocytes	[252]

^aGlial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promotor [265, 266]

^bNeurofilament-light (NF-L) promotor [267, 268]

^cPromoter/distal enhancer of MBP [269]

^dProximal promoter/enhancer of MBP [270]

^eGlial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promotor [271]

^fRat neurospecific enolase (NSE) promoter

^gGlial progenitors (GP)

^hOligodendrocytes (ODC)