Table 2.

Model parameters of water and main skin components used in transient modelling of the heat transfer during cropgenic spray and high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatments

Parameter	Unit	Water	Epidermis	Dermis	Subcutis
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T ≥ 0 °C), cp	J/kg/K	4186*	3600 [9]	3300 [9]	2700 [9]
Heat capacity at constant pressure (T < 0 °C), cp	J/kg/K	2095 [43]	2501**	2420**	2258**
Thermal conductivity (T ≥ 0 °C), k	W/m/K	0.594*	0.235 [9]	0.445 [9]	0.185 [9]
Thermal conductivity (T < 0 °C), k	W/m/K	2.2 [43]	1.669**	1.726**	1.656**

*Given values at 20 °C; however, the COMSOL default piecewise dependency on T was used in the actual simulations

**Estimated using values for T ≥ 0 °C, water properties at T < 0 °C, assuming water content of 73% [44]