Table 2.
Characteristics by ECHO cohort.
| Overall, N = 683 | Atlanta, N = 396 | MAAP, N = 48 | MARCH, N = 123 | WISC, N = 116 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community state type | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-L. iners Lactobacillus dominant (I, II, V) | 180 (26%) | 60 (15%) | 14 (29%) | 59 (48%) | 47 (41%) | |
| L. iners dominant (III) | 294 (43%) | 188 (48%) | 15 (31%) | 42 (34%) | 49 (42%) | |
| Diverse (IV-B, IV-C) | 207 (30%) | 146 (37%) | 19 (40%) | 22 (18%) | 20 (17%) | |
| (Missing) | < 5 | < 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Self-reported race* | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-White | 428 (63%) | 396 (100%) | 15 (32%) | 16 (13%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| White | 250 (37%) | 0 (0%) | 32 (68%) | 106 (87%) | 112 (99%) | |
| Unknown or (missing) | 5 | 0 | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | |
| Hispanic | 0.002 | |||||
| Hispanic | 13 (1.9%) | 3 (0.8%) | 3 (7.7%) | 6 (4.9%) | 1 (0.9%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 661 (98%) | 393 (99%) | 36 (92%) | 117 (95%) | 115 (99%) | |
| (Missing) | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Maternal age | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.7 (5.4) | 25.4 (4.8) | 30.4 (3.9) | 31.4 (4.8) | 30.8 (3.7) | |
| (Missing) | < 5 | < 5 | 0 | < 5 | 0 | |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||||
| BA or higher | 253 (37%) | 65 (16%) | 21 (44%) | 85 (70%) | 82 (71%) | |
| HS/GED | 171 (25%) | 153 (39%) | < 5 (8.3%) | 8 (6.6%) | 6 (5.2%) | |
| Less than HS | 64 (9.4%) | 59 (15%) | < 5 (4.2%) | < 5 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Some college | 193 (28%) | 119 (30%) | 21 (44%) | 26 (21%) | 27 (23%) | |
| (Missing) | < 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Public insurance | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 229 (41%) | 88 (22%) | 42 (93%) | 99 (81%) | NA | |
| Yes | 334 (59%) | 308 (78%) | < 5 (6.7%) | 23 (19%) | NA | |
| (Missing) | 120 | 0 | < 5 | 1 | 116 | |
| Private insurance | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 320 (57%) | 308 (78%) | 6 (13%) | 6 (4.9%) | NA | |
| Yes | 243 (43%) | 88 (22%) | 39 (87%) | 116 (95%) | NA | |
| (Missing) | 120 | 0 | < 5 | 1 | 116 | |
| Gestational diabetes | 0.6 | |||||
| No | 604 (96%) | 383 (97%) | NA | 115 (95%) | 106 (95%) | |
| Yes | 24 (3.8%) | 13 (3.3%) | NA | 6 (5.0%) | 5 (4.5%) | |
| (Missing) | 55 | 0 | 48 | < 5 | 5 | |
| Antibiotics ever in pregnancy | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 322 (62%) | 215 (54%) | NA | 107 (87%) | NA | |
| Yes | 196 (38%) | 180 (46%) | NA | 16 (13%) | NA | |
| (Missing) | 165 | < 5 | 48 | 0 | 116 | |
| Antibiotics in first trimester | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 428 (83%) | 310 (78%) | NA | 118 (96%) | NA | |
| Yes | 90 (17%) | 85 (22%) | NA | 5 (4.1%) | NA | |
| (Missing) | 165 | < 5 | 48 | 0 | 116 | |
| Antibiotics in second trimester | 0.001 | |||||
| No | 436 (84%) | 321 (81%) | NA | 115 (93%) | NA | |
| Yes | 82 (16%) | 74 (19%) | NA | 8 (6.5%) | NA | |
| (Missing) | 165 | < 5 | 48 | 0 | 116 | |
| Antibiotics in third trimester | 0.001 | |||||
| No | 456 (88%) | 338 (86%) | NA | 118 (96%) | NA | |
| Yes | 62 (12%) | 57 (14%) | NA | 5 (4.1%) | NA | |
| (Missing) | 165 | < 5 | 48 | 0 | 116 | |
| Infant sex | 0.7 | |||||
| Female | 347 (51%) | 204 (52%) | 27 (56%) | 57 (47%) | 59 (51%) | |
| Male | 335 (49%) | 192 (48%) | 21 (44%) | 65 (53%) | 57 (49%) | |
| (Missing) | < 5 | 0 | 0 | < 5 | 0 | |
| Smoking in pregnancy | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 588 (88%) | 322 (82%) | 41 (85%) | 116 (97%) | 109 (98%) | |
| Yes | 84 (12%) | 71 (18%) | 7 (15%) | 4 (3.3%) | 2 (1.8%) | |
| (Missing) | 11 | < 5 | 0 | < 5 | 5 | |
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 551 (88%) | 333 (84%) | 0 (NA%) | 110 (91%) | 108 (97%) | |
| Yes | 77 (12%) | 63 (16%) | 0 (NA%) | 11 (9.1%) | 3 (2.7%) | |
| (Missing) | 55 | 0 | 48 | < 5 | 5 | |
| Early pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) category | 0.075 | |||||
| Normal (≥ 18.5 & < 25) | 272 (43%) | 161 (41%) | 10 (37%) | 63 (52%) | 38 (45%) | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 192 (31%) | 138 (35%) | 6 (22%) | 25 (20%) | 23 (27%) | |
| Overweight (≥ 25 & < 30) | 143 (23%) | 82 (21%) | 11 (41%) | 29 (24%) | 21 (25%) | |
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 22 (3.5%) | 15 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (4.1%) | 2 (2.4%) | |
| (Missing) | 54 | 0 | 21 | < 5 | 32 | |
| Parity category | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 1 | 291 (43%) | 187 (47%) | 19 (40%) | 52 (43%) | 33 (28%) | |
| 1 | 221 (32%) | 114 (29%) | 23 (48%) | 45 (37%) | 39 (34%) | |
| 2 | 101 (15%) | 58 (15%) | < 5 (2.1%) | 16 (13%) | 26 (22%) | |
| > 3 | 69 (10%) | 37 (9.3%) | 5 (10%) | 9 (7.4%) | 18 (16%) | |
| (Missing) | < 5 | 0 | 0 | < 5 | 0 | |
Data shown (except maternal age) are n (%).
BA or higher college degree or higher, HS/GED high school or general equivalency degree, BMI body mass index.
*Self-identified as a proxy for lived experiences.
Fisher’s exact test; Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test; Pearson’s chi-squared test.