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. 2024 May 23;14:206. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02933-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A significant positive correlation was observed between the change ratio of IA (i.e., Post IA/Pre IA) and increased RSFC from right AIC to the brain stem (12 -30 -58) (Pearson’s r = 0.87, p < 0.001), illustrated by the blue scatter plots on the right side. The cluster includes NTS, a key node of the vagal nerve. The statistical threshold was set at p < 0.001 and corrected to p < 0.05 for multiple comparisons using cluster size. IA interoceptive accuracy, RSFC resting state functional connectivity, AIC anterior insula cortex, NTS Nucleus tractus solitarius.