Table 8.
Summarized results of the B-cell search.
| Type of study (N, # groups) | Basal diet Zn | Zn supplement & formulation [Zn dose] |
Route | Duration of supplementation | Animals | Outcomes* | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT (N=24, 4) | Calf starter: 46.39 mg/kg DM Wheat straw: 4.29 mg/kg DM Berseem fodder: 19.28 mg/kg DM Milk: 3491 g/L |
A. 0 mg/kg DM Zn or Cu nanoparticles B. 32 mg/kg Zn nanoparticles [25.6 mg/kg Zn] C. 10mg/kg Cu nanoparticles [0 mg/kg Zn] D. 32 mg/kg Zn nanoparticles & 10mg/kg Cu nanoparticles [25.6 mg/kg Zn] |
PO | 14 days | 1 month old dairy calves | Antibody concentration without stimulation | Total immunoglobulin D > B & C > A IgG D > A & C IgA D > A IgM D > A & B IgE No difference |
(29) |
| RCT (N=20, 2) | Calf starter: 30 mg/kg DM Milk replacer: 40 mg/kg DM |
A. 0 mg/kg DM Zn Met B. 30 mg/kg DM Zn Met [6.3 mg/kg Zn] |
PO | 90 days | Weaned female calves | Antibody concentration without stimulation | Total immunoglobulin B > A, day 7 & 90 |
(30) |
| RCT (N=36, 3) | 136 mg/kg DM | A. 0 mg/d Zn proteinate or Zn Met B. 522.88 mg/d Zn proteinate [80 mg/d Zn] C. 467.88 mg/d Zn Met [80 mg/d Zn] |
PO | 28 days | Holstein calves | Antibody concentration without stimulation | IgG B & C > A IgM C > B > A IgA No difference |
(27) |
| RCT (N=24, 3) | 83.9 mg/kg DM | A. 0 mg/d Zn proteinate or Zn oxide B. 627mg/d Zn proteinate [80 mg/d Zn] C. 101mg/d Zn oxide [80 mg/d Zn] |
PO | 28 days | Newborn calves | Antibody concentration without stimulation | IgG C & B > A, day 14 & 28 IgM C & B > A, day 14 B > A, day 28 IgA No difference |
(31) |
| RCT (N=20, 4) | Not reported | A. 0 mg/kg Zn sulfate & 0 mg/kg Cu sulfate B. 100 mg/kg Zn sulfate [40 mg/kg Zn] C. 25 mg/kg Cu sulfate [9.95 mg/kg Cu] D. 100 mg/kg Zn sulfate & 25 mg/kg Cu sulfate [40 mg/kg Zn, 9.95 mg/kg Cu] |
PO | 75 days | 6 day old crossbred calves | Antibody concentration after immunization against sheep red blood cells in vitro | IgG D & B > A & C, day 45 & 75 IgM D & B > A & C, day 45 & 75 |
(32) |
| RCT (N=24, 3) | 4 mg/kg DM, Zn sulfate | A. 40 mg/kg Zn AA [4.8 mg/kg Zn] B. 80 mg/kg Zn AA [9.6 mg/kg Zn] C. 120 mg/kg Zn AA [14.4 mg/kg Zn] |
PO | 60 days | 1 month old, 69.34 ± 7.67 kg Angus calves | Antibody concentration without stimulation | IgG No difference IgA No difference IgM A & B > C |
(33) |
| RCT (N=90, 3) | 26.4 mg/kg DM | A. 0 mg/kg DM Zn Met or Zn oxide B. 25 mg/kg DM Zn Met [5.26 mg/kg Zn] C. 25 mg/kg DM Zn oxide [20 mg/kg Zn] |
PO | 28 days | 214 kg Angus x Hereford steers | Antibody concentration after immunization against BHV and PI3 | BHV B & C > A, day 14 PI3 No difference |
(34) |
| RCT (N1 = 84, 3, N2 = 75, 3) | 21 mg/kg DM1
38 mg/kg DM2 |
A. 0 mg/d Zn sulfate or Zn AA B. Zn sulfate [360 mg/d Zn] C. Zn as an AA [360 mg/d Zn] |
PO | 28 days1
140 days2 |
240 ± 1.4 kg Crossbred bulls1
176 ± 2.5 kg beef heifers2 |
Antibody concentration after immunization against BVDV, BRSV, and BHV | BHV1
No difference BVDV1 B & C > A, day 14 BRSV1,2 C > B, day 281 & 562 |
(43) |
| RCT (N=60, 4) | Growing phase: 33 mg/kg DM Finishing phase: 26 mg/kg DM |
A. 0 mg/kg DM Zn oxide or Zn Proteinate B. 25 mg/kg DM Zn oxide [20.1 mg/kg Zn] C. 25 mg/kg Zn Proteinate [2.5 mg/kg DM Zn] D. 25 mg/kg Zn Proteinate [3.75 mg/kg DM Zn] |
PO | Growing phase: 84 days Finishing phase: 84 days or 112 days Total: 168 days or 196 days |
246 ± 2 kg Angus & Angus x Hereford steers | Antibody concentration after immunization against BVH | BHV No difference |
(28) |
| RCT (N=24, 4) | 44.1 mg/kg DM | A. 0 mg/kg DM Zn sulfate, Zn Met, or Zn Proteinate B. 75 mg/kg DM Zn sulfate [30mg/kg Zn] C. 75 mg/kg DM Zn Met [15.8 mg/kg Zn] D. 75 mg/kg DM Zn propionate [23.2 mg/kg Zn] |
PO | 21 days | 291.1 ± 9.5 kg Crossbred heifers | Antibody concentration after immunization against ovalbumin | No difference | (35) |
RCT, randomized controlled trial; Zn, zinc; mg, milligram; kg, kilogram; d, day; DM, dry matter; Met, methionine; Lys, lysine; AA, amino acid complex; PO, per oral; BHV, bovine herpes virus; BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus; BRSV, bovine respiratory syncytial virus; PI3, parainfluenza 3 virus; Ig, immunoglobulin. *Only stimulations and outcomes relevant to the assessment of B-cells are listed. 1Denotes information relevant to the first experiment in this study. 2Denotes information relevant to the second experiment in this study.