Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population (N = 230,996)
| Characteristic | Complete case | Median (IQR) or n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age at index (years) | 230,996 | 63.6 (56.0–72.0) |
| Male | 230,996 | 134,329 (58.2) |
| Calendar year of the index date | 230,996 | |
| 1998–2003 | 18,547 (8.0) | |
| 2004–2009 | 99,100 (42.9) | |
| 2010–2015 | 56,995 (24.7) | |
| 2016–2021 | 56,354 (24.4) | |
| Metabolic traits | ||
| Albuminuria | 230,996 | 45,378 (19.6) |
| Hypertension | 230,996 | 213,376 (92.4) |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 230,996 | 114,048 (49.4) |
| Low levels of HDL | 230,996 | 37,352 (16.2) |
| Obesity | 230,996 | 107,449 (46.5) |
| Other lifestyle variables | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 230,996 | 29.6 (26.5–33.4) |
| Overweight | 230,996 | 89,051 (38.6) |
| Physical activity | 163,523 | 143,298 (87.6) |
| Smoking | 209,888 | 30,630 (14.6) |
| Clinical information | ||
| Time since T2D diagnosis (years) | 221,018 | 1.0 (0.0–6.0) |
| CVD | 230,996 | 48,547 (21.0) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 230,996 | 120,170 (54.6) |
| CKD | 230,996 | 2,348 (1.0) |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 230,996 | 1 (1–1) |
| Pharmaceutical treatment | ||
| Any glucose-lowering drugs | 230,996 | 152,898 (66.2) |
| Metformin | 230,996 | 124,105 (53.7) |
| Insulin | 230,996 | 40,890 (17.7) |
| GLP-1RAs | 230,996 | 1,888 (0.8) |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 230,996 | 1,721 (0.7) |
| Laboratory values | ||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 224,755 | 81.6 (68.1–96.6) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 228,460 | 50.0 (44.0–59.0) |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 230,996 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 226,943 | 2.9 (2.3–3.6) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 230,996 | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) |
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 12,471 | 0.9 (0.4–2.8) |