Table 3.
Characteristics of the included acute exercise intervention studies.
| Study | Autoimmune disease | Subject (sample size, age, group, gender) | Exercise intervention | Inflammation-related biomarker |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berkowitz et al. (2019)20 | MS | n = 15, 33.8 ± 7.8 years, 15 Ex, 15 F | AT (moderate) | IL-6↑ |
| AT (vigorous) | IL-10↓ | |||
| Briken et al. (2016)21 | MS | n = 42, 50.0 ± 7.5 years, 32 Ex/10 Con, 17 M/25 F | AT | — |
| Castellano et al. (2008)22 | MS | n = 11, 40 ± 10 years, 11 Ex, 3 M/8 F | AT | — |
| Devasahayam et al. (2021)24 | MS | n = 14, 54.1 ± 8.5 years, 14 Ex, 4 M/10 F | AT | IL-6↑ |
| Joisten et al. (2021)27 | MS | n = 68, 50.3 ± 10.2 years, 68 Ex (35 HIIT/33 AT), 42 F/26 M | HIIT or AT | PLR↑ (HIIT) |
| Kjølhede et al. (2016)29 | MS | n = 32, 43.4 ± 7.5 years, 16 Ex/16 Con, 8 M/24 F | RT | — |
| Majdinasab et al. (2018)31 | MS | n = 35, 28.5 ± 4.0 years, 35 Ex, 35 F | AT | TNF-α↓, IL-6↑ (immediately after AT), TNF-α↑ (1-h post) |
| Ercan et al. (2023)43 | RA | n = 40, 45.3 ± 9.6 years, 40 Ex, 11 M/29 F | AT | IL-6↑ |
| Law et al. (2015)47 | RA | n = 8, 60 ± 12 years, 8 Ex, 2 M/6 F | Combined AT and RT | — |
| Pereira Nunes Pinto et al. (2017)49 | RA | n = 17, 55.6 ± 6.4 years, 17 Ex, 17 F | RT | IL-1ra↑, IL-10↑, IL-6↑, IL-1β↓ |
| Galassetti et al. (2006)54 | T1D | n = 12, 13.7 years, 12 Ex, 7 M/5 F | AT | IL-6↑ |
| Galassetti et al. (2006)55 | T1D | n = 20, 13.7 ± 0.3 years, 20 Ex, 12 M/8 F | AT | IL-6↑ |
| Minnock et al. (2020)56 | T1D | n = 12, 31.8 ± 5.3 years, 12 Ex, 6 M/6 F | AT RT Combined AT and RT |
IL6, TNFa, and MCP1 mRNA↑ IL6, TNFa, and MCP1 mRNA↑ IL6, TNFa, and MCP1 mRNA↑ |
| Rosa et al. (2008)59 | T1D | n = 21, 13.0 ± 0.3 years , 21 Ex, 13 M/8 F | AT | IL-6↑, TNF-α↑, IL-4↑, IL-12p70↑, GM-CSF↑, MCP-1↑, MIP-1α↑ |
| Rosa et al. (2010)60 | T1D | n = 47, 13.8 ± 0.4 years, 47 Ex, 22 M/25 F | AT | IL-6↑ |
| Rosa et al. (2011)61 | T1D | n = 49, 13.9 ± 0.2 years, 49 Ex, 29 M/20 F | AT | IL-6↑ |
| Rosa et al. (2011)62 | T1D | n = 23, 13.9 ± 0.3 years, 23 Ex, 13 M/10 F | AT | — |
| Salman et al. (2008)63 | T1D | n = 19, 22.1 ± 2.8 years, 19 Ex, 19 M | AT | CD3+CD4+ T cells ↓, NK cells ↑ |
| Żebrowska et al. (2018)65 | T1D | n = 14, 26.0 ± 5.9 years, 14 Ex, 7 M/7 F | AT HIIT |
TGF-β↑ TGF-β↑,TNF-α↓ |
| da Silva et al. (2013)67 | SLE | n = 27, 29.4 ± 2.2 years, 27 Ex, 27 F | AT | — |
| Perandini et al. (2014)69 | SLE | n = 8, 35.8 ± 6.5 years, 8 Ex, 8 F | AT | IL-10↓ |
| Perandini et al. (2015)70 | SLE | n = 23, 33.0 ± 5.6 years, 23 Ex, 23 F | AT (moderate) AT (vigorous) |
IL-6↓ sTNFR1↓, TNF-α↑ |
| Perandini et al. (2016)71 | SLE | n = 8, 33.5 ± 3.3 years, 8 Ex, 8F | AT | TLR3, IFNG, GATA3, FOXP3, STAT4 mRNA↓ |
| Oliveira et al. (2017)95 | TA | n = 11, 33.5 ± 5.7 years, 11 Ex, 11 F | AT | — |
| Rochette et al. (2018)96 | JIA | n = 12, 12.3 ± 2.8 years, 12 Ex, 4 M/8 F | AT | Calprotectin↑ |
| Rochette et.al (2018)97 | JIA | n = 12, 12.3 ± 2.8 years, 12 Ex, 4 M/8 F | AT | IL-6↓, sIL-6R↓ (24-h post) |
| Hargardóttir et al. (2010)99 | SSc | n = 11, 59 ± 3 years, 11 Ex, 3 M/8 F | AT | Leukocytes↑, IL-6↑ |
| Pool et al. (2004)100 | RA and SLE | n = 13, 34.1 ± 5.0 years, 13 Ex, 13 F | AT | CD4+ T lymphocytes↓ (RA and SLE) CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes↓(RA) |
Notes: Ages are presented as mean ± SD or as median. ↑, increase or obtain a higher value; ↓, impair or obtain a lower value; —, unchanged.
Abbreviations: AT = aerobic training; CCL = chemokine ligand; CD = cluster of differentiation; Con = control group; Ex = exercise group; F = female; FOXP3 = Forkhead box p3; GATA3 = GATA binding protein 3; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HIIT = high-intensity interval training; IFNG = interferon gamma; IL = interleukin; JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis; M = male; MCP = monocyte chemotactic protein; MIP = macrophage inflammatory protein; mRNA = messenger RNA; MS = multiple sclerosis; NK = natural killer; NLR = neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR = platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; RT = resistance training; sIL-6R = soluble IL-6 receptor; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc = systemic sclerosis; STAT = signal transducer and activator of transcription; sTNFR = soluble TNF receptor; T1D = type 1 diabetes; TA = Takayasu arteritis; TGF = transforming growth factor; TLR = Toll-like receptor; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α.