Table 1.

Research topic, species of interest, AMR genes, and relevant findings observed in key studies used in this review.

Topic	References	Species	AMR Genes	Findings
Global trends and epidemiology	[14]	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	-	Rapid increase in incidence rates of AMR among clinically important pathogens.
Prevalence and impact of E. coli infections	[19]	E. coli	ESBLs	Increasing detection rates of ESBLs among E. coli causing infections in humans.
K. pneumoniae epidemiology	[31,34,35]	K. pneumoniae	Carbapenemases, ESBLs	Widespread resistance to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, quinolones, and polymyxins.
Phylogenetic background and strain adaptation	[11,15]	E. coli	-	Clonal adaptation and increasing prevalence, especially of E. coli ST131, in humans.
Transmission of AMR via direct/indirect contact	[37,50,51,52,53]	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	ESBL, KPC-2	Increased risk of transmission among dairy farm workers; indirect transmission through food and environment; low evidence of direct transmission.
Pasteurization and raw milk consumption	[32,52,55,56]	E. coli, Enterobacterales	ESBL	Significant variation in raw milk consumption worldwide; association between raw milk and bacterial spread from cows to humans.
MGEs and AMR spread	[24,58,59]	E. coli	-	Emphasis on the role of MGEs in the spread of AMR; inconsistent strain distribution in bovine milk vs. human clinical strains.
Specific MGEs in mastitis	[39,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68]	E. coli, Enterobacterales	blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2, blaOXA-181	ISEcp1 linked to blaCTX-M genes and their dissemination; chromosomal and plasmid locations noted.
Plasmids and AMR genes	[39,76,77,78,79,80,81,82]	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY	High mobility of IncI1, IncN, and IncF plasmids among isolates; widespread dissemination of ESBL genes like blaCTX-M-15.
Integrons and gene cassettes	[60,71,72,73,74,75]	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	Various	High prevalence of class 1 integrons among isolates; need for full genetic context in epidemiological studies.
Surveillance and monitoring	[85,88,89]	E. coli, Klebsiella spp., other Enterobacteriaceae	ESBL/AmpC	Increasing resistance in E. coli isolates from cattle; presence of ESBL/AmpC producers.
Antimicrobial stewardship in mastitis	[90,91,92,95,98,99,100,105]	E. coli, Klebsiella spp.	-	Antimicrobial therapy for mastitis control is not always necessary: spontaneous cure or presence of non-susceptible pathogens. Varied pathogen responses influence treatment choices. Most mild and moderate CM caused by E. coli does not require antimicrobial treatment.
Environmental stewardship	[108,112,115,116]	E. coli, other Enterobacteriaceae	-	Presence of antimicrobial residue and multidrug-resistant E. coli in waste milk fed to calves and flushing wastewater dairy pond effluent as a potential disseminator AMR bacterium when used as soil fertilizer.