Table 2.

The optimal fitness of each algorithm (Dim = 10).

Function	Item	WOA	ACO	ALO	GWO	GJO	SCGJO	SCMGJO
F1	min	2.67 × 10−87	3.34 × 10−15	2.98 × 10−9	3.76 × 10−73	5.58 × 10−129	1.41 × 10−160	0.00 × 100
	mean	−6.67 × 10−45	5.58 × 10−9	−1.57 × 10−7	3.85 × 10−38	−5.07 × 10−66	1.53 × 10−81	5.70 × 10−164
	std	1.57 × 10−44	1.83 × 10−8	1.82 × 10−5	2.00 × 10−37	2.43 × 10−65	3.62 × 10−81	2.71 × 10−1
F2	min	8.94 × 10−61	4.34 × 10−7	1.75 × 102	2.39 × 10−39	1.53 × 10−69	1.49 × 10−83	0.00 × 100
	mean	−8.71 × 10−62	1.91 × 10−8	1.43 × 101	−5.38 × 10−41	−7.22 × 10−71	−7.91 × 10−85	0.00 × 100
	std	1.03 × 10−61	4.79 × 10−8	3.20 × 101	2.47 × 10−40	1.44 × 10−70	1.75 × 10−84	3.06 × 10−1
F3	min	1.00 × 102	3.50 × 100	1.09 × 10−5	2.58 × 10−33	1.82 × 10−73	9.56 × 10−122	0.00 × 100
	mean	3.38 × 10−1	−9.77 × 10−2	−1.31 × 10−4	−1.55 × 10−18	−1.30 × 10−38	−1.41 × 10−62	−1.49 × 10−163
	std	5.87 × 100	8.06 × 10−1	1.89 × 10−3	2.96 × 10−17	2.31 × 10−37	1.52 × 10−61	3.36 × 10−1
F4	min	2.03 × 10−3	7.44 × 10−4	4.29 × 10−4	1.40 × 10−24	1.18 × 10−48	4.13 × 10−73	0.00 × 100
	mean	−2.65 × 10−5	−1.60 × 10−4	−5.92 × 10−5	2.79 × 10−25	−4.67 × 10−49	−3.33 × 10−74	0.00 × 100
	std	1.44 × 10−3	4.52 × 10−4	4.01 × 10−4	1.44 × 10−24	1.14 × 10−48	3.26 × 10−73	2.82 × 10−1
F5	min	6.89 × 100	6.62 × 100	8.14 × 100	7.18 × 100	8.05 × 100	8.09 × 100	8.10 × 100
	mean	1.80 × 10−1	1.68 × 10−1	5.48 × 10−2	1.37 × 10−1	6.83 × 10−2	6.49 × 10−2	6.43 × 10−2
	std	2.63 × 10−1	2.64 × 10−1	1.03 × 10−1	2.42 × 10−1	1.46 × 10−1	1.47 × 10−1	3.45 × 10−1
F6	min	3.31 × 10−5	8.49 × 10−15	5.01 × 10−9	3.17 × 10−6	2.62 × 10−5	7.54 × 10−1	4.77 × 10−1
	mean	−5.00 × 10−1	−5.00 × 10−1	−5.00 × 10−1	−5.00 × 10−1	−5.00 × 10−1	−3.41 × 10−1	−4.50 × 10−1
	std	1.92 × 10−3	3.04 × 10−8	2.34 × 10−5	5.46 × 10−4	1.70 × 10−3	2.36 × 10−1	3.22 × 10−1
F7	min	6.11 × 10−4	6.19 × 10−3	4.68 × 10−3	5.34 × 10−4	3.82 × 10−4	2.85 × 10−5	1.02 × 10−5
	mean	7.47 × 10−3	−1.23 × 10−2	2.64 × 10−2	1.09 × 10−2	−2.91 × 10−3	5.35 × 10−4	1.44 × 10−4
	std	5.05 × 10−2	6.75 × 10−2	7.67 × 10−2	4.77 × 10−2	3.77 × 10−2	6.16 × 10−3	2.99 × 10−1
F8	min	−6.36 × 102	−5.09 × 102	−5.44 × 102	−5.48 × 102	−4.01 × 102	−3.91 × 102	−5.57 × 102
	mean	6.55 × 101	−6.85 × 101	−1.00 × 102	3.07 × 101	2.07 × 101	−3.08 × 101	−6.61 × 101
	std	1.18 × 10−2	2.17 × 101	0.00 × 100	5.96 × 101	5.57 × 101	6.74 × 101	2.88 × 10−1
F9	min	0.00 × 100	3.71 × 101	1.69 × 101	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100
	mean	−2.08 × 10−12	5.90 × 10−2	9.95 × 10−2	−7.17 × 10−10	−1.42 × 10−9	1.97 × 10−10	9.77 × 10−10
	std	2.72 × 10−9	9.91 × 10−1	1.36 × 100	3.47 × 10−9	2.00 × 10−9	2.78 × 10−9	2.55 × 10−1
F10	min	4.00 × 10−15	2.05 × 101	1.16 × 100	2.02 × 101	4.00 × 10−15	4.44 × 10−16	4.44 × 10−16
	mean	−3.06 × 10−17	8.13 × 101	−8.72 × 10−2	−1.11 × 100	3.40 × 10−16	−9.87 × 10−17	−3.79 × 10−17
	std	1.14 × 10−15	4.87 × 102	2.76 × 10−1	7.85 × 101	1.23 × 10−15	2.70 × 10−16	2.83 × 10−1
F11	min	0.00 × 100	5.27 × 10−1	4.78 × 10−1	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100
	mean	−7.13 × 10−9	3.66 × 10−1	1.62 × 100	−1.11 × 10−11	4.96 × 10−9	−2.96 × 10−10	1.12 × 10−9
	std	6.74 × 10−9	7.58 × 100	1.45 × 101	1.29 × 10−8	1.32 × 10−8	1.57 × 10−8	2.84 × 10−1
F12	min	1.02 × 10−4	5.42 × 10−15	1.79 × 10−9	9.97 × 10−7	5.75 × 10−6	1.97 × 10−1	5.89 × 10−2
	mean	−9.98 × 10−1	−1.00 × 100	−1.00 × 100	−1.00 × 100	−1.00 × 100	−5.05 × 10−1	−5.93 × 10−1
	std	2.39 × 10−2	1.49 × 10−7	1.00 × 10−4	2.12 × 10−3	5.09 × 10−3	5.32 × 10−1	4.06 × 10−1
F13	min	6.14 × 10−4	4.12 × 10−14	8.88 × 10−9	2.41 × 10−6	9.76 × 10−2	5.35 × 10−1	8.01 × 10−1
	mean	9.96 × 10−1	1.00 × 100	1.00 × 100	1.00 × 100	9.04 × 10−1	5.10 × 10−1	4.99 × 10−1
	std	2.54 × 10−2	1.78 × 10−7	9.60 × 10−5	1.63 × 10−3	3.05 × 10−1	5.64 × 10−1	4.22 × 10−1