Table 3.

The optimal fitness of each algorithm (Dim = 30).

Function	Item	WOA	ACO	ALO	GWO	GJO	SCGJO	SCMGJO
F1	min	2.17 × 10−86	4.06 × 103	2.17 × 10−4	1.34 × 10−33	4.32 × 10−63	7.17 × 10−111	0.00 × 100
	mean	−9.99 × 10−46	4.67 × 10−1	1.47 × 10−5	1.94 × 10−18	2.07 × 10−33	−8.80 × 10−57	−2.44 × 10−164
	std	2.73 × 10−44	1.18 × 101	2.74 × 10−3	6.52 × 10−18	1.20 × 10−32	1.29 × 10−56	0.00 × 100
F2	min	1.75 × 10−57	7.58 × 103	6.77 × 102	8.64 × 10−19	4.15 × 10−36	1.22 × 10−55	0.00 × 100
	mean	2.66 × 10−59	6.74 × 100	1.76 × 101	6.33 × 10−21	−8.66 × 10−39	5.25 × 10−58	0.00 × 100
	std	1.10 × 10−58	1.03 × 102	3.28 × 101	2.89 × 10−20	1.45 × 10−37	5.16 × 10−57	0.00 × 100
F3	min	1.98 × 104	1.38 × 105	2.08 × 103	2.56 × 10−10	3.37 × 10−24	1.52 × 10−78	0.00 × 100
	mean	5.77 × 10−1	1.89 × 100	−1.90 × 10−1	−6.53 × 10−8	−1.17 × 10−14	−7.13 × 10−43	−1.95 × 10−164
	std	2.93 × 101	7.82 × 101	1.48 × 101	4.99 × 10−6	5.26 × 10−13	3.35 × 10−40	0.00 × 100
F4	min	1.56 × 101	8.56 × 101	1.46 × 101	5.45 × 10−9	1.04 × 10−18	2.65 × 10−46	0.00 × 100
	mean	−1.15 × 100	−7.37 × 100	−7.28 × 10−2	1.37 × 10−9	−8.97 × 10−20	6.19 × 10−48	0.00 × 100
	std	9.63 × 100	5.23 × 101	1.23 × 101	5.20 × 10−9	9.39 × 10−19	1.67 × 10−46	0.00 × 100
F5	min	2.78 × 101	2.01 × 103	3.85 × 103	2.79 × 101	2.62 × 101	2.81 × 101	2.89 × 101
	mean	3.24 × 10−2	−3.09 × 101	6.08 × 10−1	2.70 × 10−2	7.39 × 10−2	2.20 × 10−2	3.06 × 10−3
	std	8.34 × 10−2	1.82 × 102	1.29 × 100	8.62 × 10−2	2.08 × 10−1	8.96 × 10−2	4.68 × 10−3
F6	min	6.84 × 10−2	4.62 × 103	2.46 × 10−4	3.76 × 10−5	2.26 × 100	5.02 × 100	4.74 × 100
	mean	−4.95 × 10−1	−1.85 × 100	−5.00 × 10−1	−5.00 × 10−1	−3.50 × 10−1	−1.77 × 10−1	−2.00 × 10−1
	std	4.83 × 10−2	1.25 × 101	2.91 × 10−3	1.13 × 10−3	2.33 × 10−1	2.54 × 10−1	2.50 × 10−1
F7	min	6.73 × 10−4	4.68 × 10−1	1.31 × 10−1	5.65 × 10−4	1.78 × 10−4	3.19 × 10−5	2.03 × 10−5
	mean	1.27 × 10−3	7.05 × 10−1	−1.07 × 10−2	−9.84 × 10−4	−3.86 × 10−5	−7.60 × 10−5	−1.13 × 10−4
	std	3.07 × 10−2	2.72 × 10−1	1.48 × 10−1	2.21 × 10−2	1.73 × 10−2	1.22 × 10−3	2.85 × 10−4
F8	min	−1.87 × 103	−1.83 × 103	−1.63 × 103	−1.17 × 103	−9.83 × 102	−8.19 × 102	−1.53 × 103
	mean	6.25 × 101	−6.16 × 101	−1.00 × 102	1.12 × 101	5.44 × 100	−9.29 × 100	5.09 × 101
	std	1.67 × 101	3.38 × 101	0.00 × 100	5.73 × 101	5.45 × 101	5.90 × 101	3.68 × 101
F9	min	0.00 × 100	3.25 × 101	9.65 × 101	5.68 × 10−14	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100
	mean	−2.33 × 10−9	−2.18 × 100	−3.32 × 10−2	1.26 × 10−9	−2.52 × 10−10	5.14 × 10−10	9.02 × 10−11
	std	2.47 × 10−9	9.82 × 100	1.82 × 100	5.89 × 10−9	3.62 × 10−9	3.14 × 10−9	2.65 × 10−10
F10	min	4.44 × 10−16	2.10 × 101	2.81 × 100	2.09 × 101	2.08 × 101	4.00 × 10−15	4.44 × 10−16
	mean	−5.81 × 10−17	6.10 × 101	1.28 × 10−1	9.32 × 100	6.12 × 100	−3.01 × 10−16	4.98 × 10−18
	std	1.21 × 10−16	8.24 × 101	7.42 × 10−1	5.79 × 101	6.46 × 101	1.25 × 10−15	1.31 × 10−16
F11	min	0.00 × 100	1.89 × 100	1.07 × 10−2	1.14 × 10−2	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100
	mean	−2.25 × 10−9	−1.88 × 100	2.84 × 10−1	−2.87 × 10−1	−1.14 × 10−9	1.27 × 10−9	8.92 × 10−10
	std	1.49 × 10−8	1.09 × 101	1.13 × 100	1.13 × 100	1.61 × 10−8	7.64 × 10−9	3.39 × 10−9
F12	min	2.78 × 10−2	1.20 × 10−2	1.17 × 101	6.89 × 10−6	3.00 × 10−1	7.42 × 10−1	6.32 × 10−1
	mean	−8.51 × 10−1	1.45 × 100	−8.05 × 10−1	−1.00 × 100	−4.93 × 10−1	−2.47 × 10−1	−3.62 × 10−1
	std	3.22 × 10−1	2.74 × 101	7.28 × 100	5.91 × 10−3	5.07 × 10−1	4.47 × 10−1	4.81 × 10−1
F13	min	2.28 × 10−1	3.49 × 10−1	7.75 × 100	6.30 × 10−1	1.64 × 100	2.57 × 100	2.90 × 100
	mean	9.44 × 10−1	7.66 × 100	1.06 × 100	7.76 × 10−1	4.50 × 10−1	1.87 × 10−1	5.72 × 10−2
	std	2.55 × 10−1	2.86 × 101	1.62 × 100	4.07 × 10−1	4.97 × 10−1	4.29 × 10−1	2.16 × 10−1