Table 5.

The optimal fitness of each algorithm (Dim = 100).

Function	Item	WOA	ACO	ALO	GWO	GJO	SCGJO	SCMGJO
F1	min	4.80 × 10−87	7.33 × 102	8.38 × 102	1.19 × 10−15	9.01 × 10−32	3.81 × 10−76	0.00 × 100
	mean	−3.35 × 10−46	−6.82 × 10−4	−1.04 × 10−2	−4.28 × 10−10	−2.60 × 10−18	7.97 × 10−41	−2.05 × 10−164
	std	6.95 × 10−45	2.72 × 100	2.91 × 100	3.44 × 10−9	3.00 × 10−17	1.96 × 10−39	0.00 × 100
F2	min	7.70 × 10−54	4.13 × 10−3	2.13 × 10−106	1.64 × 10−8	8.38 × 10−19	1.32 × 10−40	0.00 × 100
	mean	6.14 × 10−56	−7.10 × 100	1.41 × 100	2.80 × 10−12	−1.25 × 10−22	−1.60 × 10−43	0.00 × 100
	std	2.31 × 10−55	5.05 × 101	4.14 × 101	1.69 × 10−10	9.15 × 10−21	1.74 × 10−42	0.00 × 100
F3	min	9.97 × 105	3.11 × 104	6.21 × 104	6.70 × 100	5.93 × 10−6	6.86 × 10−60	0.00 × 100
	mean	1.22 × 100	−2.60 × 10−1	−4.93 × 10−1	−6.05 × 10−4	−1.24 × 10−6	−5.35 × 10−33	−5.41 × 10−165
	std	4.97 × 101	2.31 × 101	2.89 × 101	3.12 × 10−1	3.19 × 10−4	2.20 × 10−31	0.00 × 100
F4	min	9.06 × 101	2.87 × 101	2.79 × 101	1.01 × 10−1	1.75 × 10−3	1.84 × 10−22	0.00 × 100
	mean	−1.24 × 100	−3.46 × 100	3.52 × 10−1	9.72 × 10−3	7.33 × 10−5	1.39 × 10−23	0.00 × 100
	std	5.26 × 101	1.81 × 101	1.96 × 101	7.73 × 10−2	1.21 × 10−3	7.75 × 10−23	0.00 × 100
F5	min	9.73 × 101	7.47 × 103	1.11 × 103	9.76 × 101	9.86 × 101	9.81 × 101	9.81 × 101
	mean	1.54 × 10−2	6.62 × 10−1	3.64 × 10−1	1.07 × 10−2	3.87 × 10−3	6.38 × 10−3	1.99 × 10−3
	std	5.11 × 10−2	6.18 × 100	5.55 × 100	4.80 × 10−2	4.89 × 10−3	4.84 × 10−2	4.01 × 10−3
F6	min	2.93 × 100	7.63 × 102	2.20 × 103	8.42 × 100	1.66 × 101	2.18 × 101	1.94 × 101
	mean	−4.41 × 10−1	−4.94 × 10−1	−5.21 × 10−1	−3.31 × 10−1	−1.66 × 10−1	−6.83 × 10−2	−9.60 × 10−2
	std	1.62 × 10−1	2.78 × 100	4.72 × 100	2.37 × 10−1	2.34 × 10−1	1.78 × 10−1	1.99 × 10−1
F7	min	7.38 × 10−4	2.06 × 106	4.33 × 106	6.02 × 10−3	1.19 × 10−3	4.02 × 10−5	7.92 × 10−5
	mean	−4.88 × 10−3	−8.64 × 10−2	3.31 × 10−1	5.03 × 10−4	1.02 × 10−3	−5.53 × 10−5	1.22 × 10−6
	std	1.65 × 10−2	5.27 × 100	6.25 × 100	2.79 × 10−2	1.27 × 10−2	6.10 × 10−4	1.90 × 10−5
F8	min	−6.36 × 103	−5.44 × 103	−5.44 × 103	−2.89 × 103	−2.26 × 103	−1.17 × 103	−3.56 × 103
	mean	6.55 × 101	−1.00 × 102	−1.00 × 102	4.11 × 100	6.50 × 10−2	−2.25 × 100	3.72 × 101
	std	4.19 × 10−1	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	4.78 × 101	4.76 × 101	7.16 × 101	5.39 × 101
F9	min	0.00 × 100	4.30 × 103	2.92 × 103	4.29 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100
	mean	−9.59 × 10−10	−2.09 × 10−1	−3.60 × 10−1	9.63 × 10−3	−1.38 × 10−11	2.99 × 10−11	−1.43 × 10−10
	std	1.77 × 10−9	6.52 × 100	5.32 × 100	1.73 × 10−1	3.25 × 10−9	2.53 × 10−9	7.83 × 10−10
F10	min	4.44 × 10−16	7.11 × 100	4.44 × 10−16	2.13 × 101	2.12 × 101	4.00 × 10−15	4.44 × 10−16
	mean	5.08 × 10−17	3.53 × 10−1	0.00 × 100	5.04 × 10−2	8.10 × 100	−6.96 × 10−17	9.77 × 10−19
	std	8.73 × 10−17	2.05 × 100	0.00 × 100	5.49 × 101	5.49 × 101	1.37 × 10−15	1.20 × 10−17
F11	min	0.00 × 100	1.24 × 100	1.16 × 100	6.66 × 10−16	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100	0.00 × 100
	mean	−8.22 × 10−10	2.44 × 10−2	−1.76 × 10−3	−3.44 × 10−9	−2.70 × 10−10	−2.22 × 10−9	5.50 × 10−10
	std	1.04 × 10−8	3.09 × 100	2.56 × 100	5.09 × 10−8	2.49 × 10−8	1.50 × 10−8	5.65 × 10−9
F12	min	2.78 × 10−2	6.55 × 103	1.63 × 105	1.93 × 10−1	6.21 × 10−1	1.03 × 100	7.75 × 10−1
	mean	−9.17 × 10−1	1.85 × 10−2	−7.93 × 10−1	−5.65 × 10−1	−3.74 × 10−1	−1.55 × 10−1	−1.22 × 10−1
	std	3.19 × 10−1	9.44 × 100	1.04 × 101	4.92 × 10−1	4.73 × 10−1	3.77 × 10−1	3.29 × 10−1
F13	min	1.56 × 100	2.78 × 105	3.59 × 105	6.05 × 100	8.06 × 100	9.70 × 100	9.70 × 100
	mean	8.66 × 10−1	−1.11 × 10−1	−1.56 × 10−1	3.72 × 10−1	1.91 × 10−1	3.00 × 10−2	2.98 × 10−2
	std	3.39 × 10−1	6.58 × 100	6.77 × 100	4.47 × 10−1	3.72 × 10−1	1.71 × 10−1	1.70 × 10−1