Table 7.

Comparison of different algorithms for solving the design problem of tension compression springs (100 iterations).

Algorithm	d	D	P	Cost
WOA	0.057197	0.50426	5.9959	0.01319
ACO	0.058969	0.55289	5.2814	0.013999
ALO	0.062969	0.68714	3.4902	0.014959
GWO	0.05	0.317381	14.0454	0.012731
GJO	0.055832	0.45237	7.5607	0.013482
SCGJO	0.05	0.316472	14.3817	0.012961
SCMGJO	0.052355	0.37238	10.4605	0.012719