Table 2.

Associations between “Cancer Risk”, “Inflammation”, and “Metabolic Syndrome” in breast cancer.

Author(s) Publication Year Level of Evidence	Biomarkers Assessed	Conditions Assessed	Findings
Crujeiras et al., 2013 [49] level II	HIFIα IGFs IL-1β IL-6 IL-8 NF-κ B TNF-α STAT3	Obesity Oxidative stress T2DM	Obesity-related oxidative stress could be a direct cause of neoplastic transformation associated with obesity and T2DM in breast cancer cells.
Iacoviello et al., 2021 [50] level I	CRP NF-κ B PAI-1 t-PA TF u-PA	Environmental Inflammation Lifestyle Reproductive factors	Breast cancer was a typically hormone-dependent tumor and was affected from the susceptibility to common pathogenetic triggers and intermediate phenotypes (T2DM).

Abbreviation: CRP: C-reactive protein; IL: interleukine; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; t-PA: tissue-type; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; u-PA: urokinase-type plasminogen activator.