Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics at the baseline.
| NWD (N = 22) |
OWD (N = 39) |
p-Value 1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD 2 | 58.5 ± 10.44 | 57.7 ± 10.4 | 0.763 | |
| Sex, N (%) | ||||
| Female | 11 (50.0%) | 14 (35.9%) | 0.421 | |
| Male | 11 (50.0%) | 25 (64.1%) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity, N (%) | 0.002 | |||
| African American/Black | 1 (4.5%) | 3 (7.7%) | ||
| Asian | 16 (72.7%) | 9 (23.1%) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (15.4%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5 (22.7%) | 18 (46.2%) | ||
| Other Race | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (7.7%) | ||
| Body Mass Index [BMI] (kg), mean ± SD | 23.8 ± 1.41 | 36.2 ± 7.13 | <0.0001 | |
| Hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] (%), mean ± SD | 7.87 ± 1.11 | 7.69 ± 1.05 | 0.533 | |
| Duration of Diabetes (years), mean ± SD 3 | 11.1 ± 8.89 | 6.06 ± 5.70 | 0.0324 | |
| Smoking Status 3 | 0.876 | |||
| Never | 16 (72.7%) | 27 (69.2%) | ||
| Past Smoker | 3 (13.6%) | 8 (20.5%) | ||
| Current Smoker | 1 (4.5%) | 2 (5.1%) | ||
1 χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test (for small cell counts) have been used for the categorical variables, while a t-test (for normal distribution values) or Mann–Whitney U test (for non-normal distribution values) have been used for the continuous measures to examine the distribution of the demographic characteristics of the participants by weight group at the baseline. 2 SD = standard deviation. 3 Self-reported measures. Eleven data points missing/unknown/declined to state for the self-reported duration of diabetes, and four data points missing/unknown/declined to state for the smoking status.