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. 2024 May 17;11(5):505. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering11050505

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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C-ImmSim immunization simulation for the multi−epitope constructed vaccine: (A) Immunoglobulin generation, shown by color peaks. (B) Cell population indicating increased B-cell types and class−switching potential. (C) Population results per state of B cells. (D) Evolution of T−helper cells, and (E) Population per state of T−helper cells. (F) Generation of cytotoxic T cells. (G) Population of macrophages per state. (H) Induction of cytokines and interleukins, with increased IFN−γ and IL−2 formation after vaccination. (I) Th1−implemented immune response.