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. 2024 May 23;55:67. doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01316-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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UNA suppresses PRRSV replication in various treatment stages in the time-of-addition assay. A Schematic illustration of the time-of-addition experiment. B IFA images of Marc-145 cells (PRRSV-infected and UNA-treated) at 48 hpi. The viral N protein is green, and the nuclei are blue. Scale bars, 500 μm. C–E Western blotting of the PRRSV N protein in Marc-145 cells infected with PRRSV and treated with UNA or DMSO (including pre, co, and post-treatment modes) at 48 hpi. F TCID₅₀ detection for the virucidal activity assay. The results are from one of three independent experiments. The data are presented as the means ± SDs. The asterisks in the figures indicate significant differences (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant).