Figure 1.

Components within each PCD pathway that are regulated by mitochondria. (The figure illustrates the key proteins and pathways regulated by mitochondria within the respective routes of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. In the apoptotic pathway, mitochondria mainly promote the formation of apoptotic bodies and the cascade amplification reaction of the caspase family by releasing cytochrome C, which eventually leads to apoptosis. In the pyroptosis pathway, mitochondria influence cell death by regulating ATP synthesis, which activates NLRP3 and caspase-3, ultimately leading to the cleavage of GSDME. In the necroptosis pathway, damaged mitochondria release ROS, which further promotes the binding and phosphorylation of RIPK1 and RIPK3, followed by the aggregation and phosphorylation of MLKL, resulting in necroptotic cell death).