Table 1.

Retrospective studies from 2017 to 2023, including lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and those exposed to antibiotics.

Year	Author	Patients	Treatment	Antibiotic Typologies	Antibiotic Exposistion Timing	Reference
2017	Kaderbhai et al.	74	Anti-PD1, Nivolumab	Fluoroquinolones	3 months before starting ICIs	[21]
2018	Derosa et al.	239	Anti-PD1, Anti-CTLA4 Monotherapy or combination	Fluoroquinolones, Betalactams	30 days before starting immunotherapy	[22]
2018	Hakozaki et al.	90	Anti-PD1, Nivolumab	Not specified	30 days before starting immunotherapy	[18]
2018	Huemer et al.	30	Anti-PD1, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab	Not specified	30 days before and after starting immunotherapy	[23]
2019	Zhao S et al.	109	Anti-PD1, Anti-PDL1	Not specified	Not specified	[24]
2019	Kim H et al.	131	Anti-PD1, Anti-PDL1, Anti-CTLA4 Monotherapy or combination	Fluoroquinolones, Betalactams, Cephalosporins	60 days before starting immunotherapy	[19]
2019	Galli et al.	157	Anti-PD1, Anti-PDL1, Anti-CTLA4 Monotherapy or combination	Not specified	Before and during immunotherapy	[25]
2020	PH Lu et al.	340	Anti-PD1, Anti-PD1, Anti-CTLA4 Monotherapy or combination	Fluoroquinolones	30 days before starting immunotherapy	[26]
2020	E Pérez-Ruiz et al.	120	Anti-PD1, Anti-CTLA4 Monotherapy or combination	Not specified	Not specified	[27]
2020	Svaton M et al.	224	Anti-PD1, Nivolumab	Not specified	Not specified	[28]
2020	Chalabi M et al.	757	Anti-PDL1, Atezolizumab	Fluoroquinolones, Carbapanems, Macrolides, Glycopeptides	30 days before and after starting immunotherapy	[29]
2020	Tinsley et al.	64	Anti-PD1	Not specified	15 days before and 45 days after starting immunotherapy	[30]
2020	Kulkarni et al.	140	Anti-PD1	Vancomicyn, Nitrofurantoin, Rifampin, Rifaximin, Tobramicyn	30 days before and after starting immunotherapy	[31]
2021	Geum et al.	140	Anti-PD1, Nivolumab	Not specified	Not specified	[32]
2021	Cortellini et al.	302	Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy	Not specified	7 days before and after starting immunotherapy	[33]
2021	Giordan et al.	65	Anti-PD1, Anti-CTLA4, Monotherapy or combination	Not specified	60 days before starting immunotherapy	[34]
2021	Cortellini et al.	950	Anti-PD1, Pembrolizumab	Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, Meropenem	30 days before starting immunotherapy	[35]
2021	Hamada et al.	69	Anti-PD1	Not specified	21 days before starting immunotherapy	[36]
2022	Hopkins et al.	2723	Anti-PDL1, Atezolizumab	Not specified	30 days before starting immunotherapy	[37]
2022	Barbarosa et al.	140	Anti-PD1, Anti-PD1, Anti-CTLA4, Monotherapy or combination	Fluoroquinolones, Betalactams	2 months before and after starting immunotherapy	[17]
2022	Nyein et al.	256	Anti-PD1, Anti-PDL1, Anti-CTLA4, Monotherapy or combination	Fluoroquinolones, Cefazolin, Azithromicin	60 days before and after starting immunotherapy	[38]
2022	Qiu H et al.	148	Anti-PD1, Anti-PDL1, Chemotherapy	Fluoroquinolones, Betalactams	60 days before and after starting immunotherapy	[39]
2023	Manning-Bennett et al.	2724	Anti-PDL1, Atezolizumab, Alone or in combination with chemotherapy	Not specified	Not specified	[40]
2023	Vihinen et al.	199	Anti-PD1, Anti-PDL1	Not specified	3 months before and 1 months after starting immunotherapy	[41]