Delivery Platforms for major metabolic organs-targeted delivery. (A) Fluorescence intensity and (B) accumulation in major organs using the in vivo imaging system (IVIS) and (C) colocalization with ASGPRs in liver sections of rats 4 h after the oral administration of FITC-labeled Pep/Gal-PNP and CPP/Gal-PNP (mean ± SD, n = 3, ∗∗∗P = 0.0008). The color scale represents radiant efficiency × 107 p·s−1·cm−2·sr−1. Scale bars: 20 μm. (D) Organ-level biodistribution measured by IVIS and (E) fluorescence intensity of FITC-labeled PMS and Pep-PMS after oral administration to healthy rats (mean ± SD, n = 3, ∗P < 0.05). (F) Organ-level biodistribution measured by IVIS and corresponding fluorescence intensity within 1 h after SC administration of Cy5-EXT, oral administration of free Cy5-EXT + empty PC/NEMs, or Cy5-EXT@PC/NEMs of rats. (G) Organ-level biodistribution of orally ingested pBA NPs (mean ± SD, n = 6). (H) Accumulation in the pancreas at 4 h after oral gavage. Reprinted with the permission from Refs. 107, 183, and 185. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley and Sons, 2019 John Wiley and Sons, and 2021 Springer Nature.