Table 1.

Oral proteins or peptides currently available in the market or undergoing clinical trials.

Brand name	Active ingredient	Manufacturer	Technology/principle	Stage	Ref.
Lupkynis®	Voclosporin	Novartis	Cyclization modification enhances peptide stability	Launched in 2021	23
Mycapssa®	Octreotide	Chiasma	Promoting drug absorption through SNAC	Launched in 2020	24
Rybelsus®	Semaglutide	Novo Nordisk	Promoting drug absorption through SNAC	Launched in 2019	21
–	Insulin	Diasome	Liposomes loaded with insulin possessing liver-targeting functionality	Phase III	25
–	Insulin	Oramed	POD™: enteric-coated capsules containing enzyme inhibitors and permeation enhancers (EDTA and bile salts)	Phase III	26, 27, 28
–	Insulin	Bows pharmaceuticals AG	Dextran-based carrier for insulin	Phase II	29
–	Insulin; Proinsulin; C-peptide	Oshadi	Inorganic silicon nanoparticles, non-covalently bound complex of polysaccharides and insulin	Phase II	30

‒, not applicable. SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]-caprylate; EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid.