Table 2.

Drugs targeting cholinergic signaling in GI neoplasia.

Receptor Selectivity	Compound	Brand Name	Therapeutic Application	GI Cancer Use	References
M3 antagonist	Darifenacin hydrobromide	Enablex	Overactive bladder	Inhibition of gastric and colorectal tumor formation and invasion	[99,149,165,166]
	Aclidinium bromide	Tudorza	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation	[167,168]
M3 > M1 > M2 antagonist	1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP)	NA	Experimental inhibitor	Inhibition of gastric and colorectal tumor formation and invasion	[99,166,179]
M1, M4 agonist	McN-A-343	NA	Experimental agonist	Inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation	[163,170]
	Xanomeline	KarXT (in combination with Trospium)	Alzheimer’s disease, Schizophrenia (FDA approval pending)	Inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation	[163,171,180]
α7nAChR antagonist	Methyllycaconitine	NA	Experimental inhibitor	Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, blood vessel formation, and nicotine-stimulated colon cancer cells	[153,156]
Non-subtype-selective nAChR antagonist	Rabies virus glycoprotein	NA	Experimental inhibitor	Inhibition of gastric cancer cell proliferation and tumor migration	[175,176]

NA, not applicable.