Table 4.

This table shows the significant role of mulberry leaves as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The upward arrow shows the increase and the downward arrow shows the decrease.

Mulberry Extracts/Components	Model Used	Extraction Technique	Pharmacological Effect	Mechanism of Action	References
Mulberry leaf extract	Male db/db mice	Hot air mill	Protect Ielts-b cells	Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) ↓, β-cell apoptosis ↓, β-cell proliferation ↓	[123]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male Wistar rats		Antioxidative	Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione–S–transferase (GST), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) ↑, Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) ↓	[124]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male Wistar rats	Electric mix	Antioxidative	GPx, Glutathione reductase (GR), GST, SOD ↑, CAT ↓	[125]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male SD rates		Gut microbiota regulation	Coprobacillus, Runinococcaceae, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Collinsella ↑	[126]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male db/db mice	Air flush dried	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), Cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits, PU.1 ↓	[127]
Mulberry leaf extract	INS-1 cells	Ethanol	Induce autophagy	Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3II/1) ↑, Phospho-adenosine monophosphate kinase (p-AMPK), p62, Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) ↓	[68]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male C57BL/6 J mice	Water	Gut microbiota regulation	Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) ↑, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria ↑, Firmicutes ↓	[128]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male Wistar rates	Acetone and ethanol–water	Antioxidant	Liver and kidney Fe ↓, TBARS ↓ Liver Cu ↑	[129]
Mulberry leaf extract	C57BL/6 mice	Pressure extraction	Pancreatic β-cells protection	Protein kinase B (p-Akt) ↑	[130]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male ICR rats	Water	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory	TNF-α; Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2; Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)-88, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) p65; Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 ↓, Insulin receptor substrate(InsR) ↑	[131]
Mulberry leaf extract	C57BL/6 mice	Ethanol	Antioxidant and decreased liver fibrosis	Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), Sterol regulatory Element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c), aP2, Liver-X-receptor alpha (LXRa), Fatty acid synthase (FAS), CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα) ↓, Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) ↑, Alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), collagen ↓, 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts(4-HNE), Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), GPx ↓	[132]
Mulberry leaf extract	Male SD rats	Ethanol	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxide, DPPH Radical ↓	[133]
Mulberry leaf extract	SD rats	Ethanol	Regulate gut microbiota	Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus ↑, Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Lactobacillus ↓	[134]
Mulberry leaf extract	C57BL/6 J mice	Ethanol	Regulate gut microbiota	Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota, Cyanobacteria, Alloprevotella, Muribaculaceae, Parabacteroides ↑, Romboutsia, Gastranaerophilales or Oscillatoriales_cyanobacterium ↓	[135]
Coumaric acid	Male Wistar rats	Hydrolysis	Reduce inflammation and fibrosis	Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Ser)-112, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), NF-kb ↓	[136]
DNJ and QG	HepG2 cells		Anti-inflammatory	P38, MAPK, PPARγ, SREBP1, TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, NF-kb ↓	[137]
Polysaccharides	Male Wistar rats	Water	Antioxidants improve insulin sensitivity and suppress renal fibrosis	P13K, p-IRS1, 2, p-Akt-1, p-Akt-2, p85α ↑	[138]
Flavonoids and Alkaloids	Male db/db mice		Repair kidney and live damage	Phosphatidylinositol–3 kinase (P13k) ↑, NFk-b, Transforming growth factor beta (TGFb)-1 SMAD family member (smad)2,3,4 ↓	[139]