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The oxidative damage of UCNPs expressed as a percentage of tail DNA from rMSCs and the C6 cell line. The statistical difference was found between L-UCNPs vs. L-UCPN@Ale-PEG and S-UCNP@PMVEMA in rMSCs; in C6 cells, no difference was found when comparing different nanoparticle treatments. The difference was found between S-UCNP@Ale-PDMA and the negative control. * p ≤ 0.05.
