Table 1.
Characteristics of Parkinson’s disease cases and controls (N = 181).
| Characteristic | Cases |
Controls |
|---|---|---|
| (n = 98) | (n = 83) | |
| Age, years | ||
| Mean (SD) | 73.7 (9.1) | 71.3 (8.2) |
| Gender | ||
| Men | 66 (67.3%) | 30 (36.1%) |
| Women | 32 (32.7%) | 53 (63.9%) |
| Race | ||
| White | 82 (83.7%) | 68 (81.9%) |
| Non-White | 16 (16.3%) | 15 (18.1%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| Normal, <25 | 35 (35.7%) | 27 (32.5%) |
| Overweight, 25–29.9 | 37 (37.8%) | 35 (42.2%) |
| Obesity, ≥30 | 26 (26.5%) | 21 (25.3%) |
| Education, years | ||
| Mean (SD) | 15.6 (3.8) | 15.8 (3.0) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 62 (63.3%) | 60 (72.3%) |
| Ever | 36 (36.7%) | 23 (27.7%) |
| Constipation | ||
| No | 47 (48.0%) | 58 (69.9%) |
| Yes | 51 (52.0%) | 25 (30.1%) |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | ||
| Mean (SD) | 1970.2 (889.1) | 1737.9 (790.1) |
| HEI-2015 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 63.5 (8.9) | 66.7 (9.2) |
| AHEI-2010 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 70.3 (8.1) | 74.3 (9.4) |
| aMED | ||
| Mean (SD) | 3.9 (2.0) | 4.2 (1.9) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet score.