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. 2024 May 10;25(10):5190. doi: 10.3390/ijms25105190

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Role of metformin in controlling cardiovascular complications. AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; AT1R: angiotensin 1 receptor; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; GLUT4: glucose transporter 4; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; IL-6: interleukin 6; OCT1: organic cation transporter 1; NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa binding protein; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; PGC1: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; and TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.