Table 2.

HSP60’s roles in the regulation of various human diseases.

Stress Protein	Types of Disease	Role of HSP60	References
Molecular chaperonin HSP60/cpn60	Metabolic diseases Diabetes	Inhibition of MEK/ERK induces HSP60 levels in insulin resistance	[93]
		Reducing HSP60 promotes hyperglycemia in the brain and mitochondrial dysfunctions	[94]
		Interaction with Sirt and mitochondria energy metabolism	[97,98]
	Infectious diseases Gastrointestinal diseases, Takayasu’s arteritis	Cell surface expression of HSP60 in bacterial disease	[99,100]
		Induced HSp60 in gastric dysplasia and gastric cancer	[101,102]
		Regulate viral RNA replication in foot-and-mouth disease	[103]
	Cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis	Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 pathways	[104,105]
		Mitochondrial dysfunctions and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes	[106]
		Induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and TNF-α secretion	[107,108]
	Inflammatory diseases	HSP60 triggers Cytokine signaling and their release	[109]
		Hepatocyte activation of p38 MAPK and IκB and NF-κB in response to oxidative stress in mitochondria	[110]
		Interaction with MHC-II, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines	[111]
		Activates NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways	[112,113]
		In RA, it promotes secretion of IL-4 and IL-10	[114,115]
	Cancers almost all types of cancer	Interact with survivin and stabilize it in neuroblastoma	[116]
		Disruption of mitochondrial protein homeostasis in colorectal cancer and prostate cancer promotes cell growth	[117,118,119]
		Interact of HSP60 with cytochrome C and DAXX; linked with its pro- and anti-apoptotic functions	[120]
		Regulate the cell cycle and mitoROS in HCC	[121]
		STAT3 dependent role in NPC	[122]
		Regulation of lipogenesis in OC	[123]
		Suppresses pro-inflammatory response in cancer via IKKβ-mediated activation of Nf-kB	[124]
	Neurodegenerative diseases	Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α bind to Aβ oligomers	[125]
		Regulate the LTP and synaptic plasticity in the frontal cortex	[126,127]
		Maintaining the complex IV and PDH	[92]
		Regulate the expression of UPR genes	[128]