Table 4.
Study characteristics and results. OR, oscillating–rotating; RMNPI, Rustogi Modified Naval Plaque Index; MGI, Modified Gingival Index; GBI, Gingival Bleeding Index; TMQH, Turesky modified Quigley–Hein plaque index; SE, standard error.
| Authors, Year | Country/Setting/Population | Study Design (All Randomised Controlled Trials) | Intervention | Comparator | Outcome Measure(s) | Follow-Up Duration | Number of Participants (Dropouts in Brackets) | Results for Interproximal Plaque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sjögren, K., Lundberg, A., Birkhed, D., Dudgeon, D. and Johnson, M., 2004 [21] | Sweden, adults |
Four-period crossover design | Four regimens: 1. Manual brushing only with Jordan Active Tip toothbrush. 2. Manual brushing after flossing (as above, plus waxed floss from Johnson & Johnson). 3. Oral-B Ultra Plaque Remover (D9). 4. Sonicare Plus (now renamed Sonicare Advance) | See intervention | Wet weight inter proximal plaque (mg) | 8 days for each regimen | 47 (unclear if any dropouts) | Wet weight inter proximal plaque (mg) mean (SD) Day 1: OR brush = 14.8 (11.5); sonic brush = 5.7 (2.5) Day 8: OR brush = 17.2 (10.8); sonic brush = 6.0 (2.6) |
| Sharma, N., Goyal, C., Qaqish, J., Cugini, M., Thompson, M. and Warren, P., 2005 [22] | Clinic, adults | Randomised, examiner-blind, three-arm, single-use crossover design | OR/pulsating brush: Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000, 340 Hz pulsation, 73 Hz oscillation | OR/pulsating brush: Oral-B 3D Excel (3DE), 340 Hz pulsation, 63 Hz oscillation; sonic brush: Sonicare Advance toothbrush, 260 Hz, Easy Start feature deactivated, used with “normal” settings | RMNPI, reduction safety | Minimum 8 days | 79 (0) | Post-brushing RMNPI scores and plaque reduction (mean (SD)) PC7000: Post-brushing RMNPI = 0.33, (0.12) plaque reduction = 0.68 (0.12); 3DE: Post-brushing RMNPI = 0.32 (0.11), plaque reduction = 0.68 (0.11); sonic brush: Post-brushing RMNPI = 0.41 (0.15), plaque reduction = 0.59 (0.15) |
| Strate, J., Cugini, M., Warren, P.R., Qaqish, J., Galustians, H. and Sharma, N., 2005 [23] | Research facility, adults | Randomised, examiner-blind, crossover design with two study visits | OR toothbrush: Oral-B Professional Care Series, oscillation angle of 45 degrees, 73 Hz, with a pulsation frequency of 340 Hz | Sonic toothbrush: Sonicare Elite (260 Hz, Easy Start feature deactivated) | RMNPI, reduction safety | Minimum 4 days | 61 (0) | Post-brushing RMNPI scores and mean plaque reduction (mean (SD)): OR toothbrush: Post-brushing = 0.034 (0.06), mean plaque reduction = 0.966 (0.06), % plaque removal = 96.6%; sonic toothbrush: Post-brushing = 0.271 (0.18), mean plaque reduction = 0.729 (0.18), % plaque removal = 72.9% p = 0.0001 |
| Biesbrock, A., Bartizek, R., Walters, P., Warren, P., Cugini, M., Goyal, C. and Qaqish, J., 2007 [24] | Adults | Two studies used a randomised, examiner-blind, two-treatment, crossover design | Oscillating–rotating brush: Oral-B Triumph. This power brush has a round brush head and three-dimensional motion (rotation–oscillation plus pulsation). It operates at 8800 oscillations/40,000 pulsations per minute. The toothbrush was fitted with a FlossAction brush head. | Sonic brush: Sonicare Elite 7300. This power brush has a conventionally shaped brush head and side-to-side motion. It operates at a frequency of 260 Hz. The Easy Start feature was deactivated prior to use, and the brush was used with the normal settings. This toothbrush can be used with either the standard, full-size brush head or a newly designed compact brush head intended for smaller mouths and precision cleaning. | Whole-mouth plaque reduction (RMNPI) Marginal and interproximal plaque reduction (RMNPI) |
Study 1: 2 weeks Study 2: Approximately 3 weeks |
Study 1: 50 (0) Study 2: 49 (1) | Reduction in RMNPI score (mean ± SD) Study 1: OR brush = 0.8275 ± 0.07; sonic brush = 0.6323 ± 0.12 (OR brush 21% greater reduction than sonic brush, p < 0.001) Study 2: OR brush = 0.758 ± 0.007; sonic brush = 0.662 ± 0.007 (OR brush 14.6% greater reduction than sonic brush, p < 0.001) |
| Biesbrock, Walters, Bartizek, Goyal and Qaqish, 2008 [25] | Canada, adults | Randomised, examiner-blind, two-treatment, four-period, four-sequence crossover AABB, ABBA, BBAA, BAAB treatment sequences | Oscillating–rotating brush Oral-B Triumph with FlossAction brush head with MicroPulse bristles (8800 oscillations/40,000 pulsations per minute) | Sonic brush Sonicare FlexCare with ProResults brush head (260 Hz) | Full-mouth plaque score, RMNPI post-brushing | 12 days approximately | 48 (3) | Post-brushing plaque reduction adjusted mean ± SE: OR toothbrush: 0.884 ± 0.013 Sonic toothbrush: 0.724 ± 0.013 |
| Putt, Milleman, Jenkins, Schmitt, Master and State, 2008 [26] | Independent clinical research organisation, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, adults | Single-use, examiner-masked, randomised, crossover | Sonic toothbrush: Sonicare FlexCare with ProResults radial brush head | Oscillating–rotating toothbrush: Oral-B Triumph Professional Care 9000 with FlossAction brush head | % reduction in full-mouth plaque score, Turesky modified Quigley–Hein plaque index (TMQH), plaque scores by site safety | 2 weeks approximately | 94 (1) | % reduction in TMQH for interproximal sites (mean ± SD): sonic toothbrush: 33.74 ± 14.79; oscillating–rotating toothbrush: 24.21 ± 14.27 |
| Klukowska, M., Grender, J., Goyal, C., Mandl, C. and Biesbrock, A., 2012 [27] | Adults | Open-label, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel-group, randomised study | OR toothbrush: Oral-B Triumph with SmartGuide (aka Oral-B Professional Care SmartSeries 5000 in US) with EB25 FlossAction brush head | Sonic toothbrush: Philips Sonicare DiamondClean with DiamondClean standard brush head | MGI, GBI, RMNPI safety, consumer perception assessment | 12 weeks | 130 (0) | Adjusted mean reduction from baseline (SE), % reduction for interproximal RMNPI Week 6: OR toothbrush = 0.231 (0.0154), 23.3% Sonic toothbrush = 0.188 (0.0154), 19.1% Difference between brushes = 22.9%, p = 0.048 Week 12: OR toothbrush = 0.387 (0.0156), 31.9% Sonic toothbrush = 0.311 (0.0156), 31.6% Difference between brushes = 24.4%, p = 0.001 |
| Klukowska, Grender, Conde and Goyal, 2013 [28] | USA? (unclear), adults | Randomised controlled, two-treatment, parallel-group, examiner-blind | Oscillating–rotating brush Oral-B Triumph with FlossAction AB25 brush head | Sonic brush Colgate ProClinical A1500 with Triple Clean brush head | MGI, whole-mouth RMNPI | 12 weeks | 130 (4) | Adjusted mean reduction from baseline (SE) Week 4: OR toothbrush: 0.275 (0.014); sonic toothbrush: 0.198 (0.014) Week 12: OR toothbrush: 0.407 (0.017); sonic toothbrush: 0.322 (0.016) |
| Klukowska, M., Grender, J., Conde, E., Ccahuana Vasquez, R. and Goyal, C., 2014 [29] | Research centre, adults | Randomised, two-treatment, examiner-blind, parallel-group design | OR toothbrush: Oral-B Triumph with SmartGuide with FlossAction brush head, D34/EB25 | Sonic toothbrush: Sonicare FlexCare Platinum with InterCare standard brush head | MBI, GBI, number of bleeding sites, RMNPI safety | 12 weeks | 130 (3) | Interproximal RMNPI reduction (adjusted mean reduction (SE), % change 6 weeks: OR brush = 0.205 (0.0142), 20.7%; sonic brush = 0.181 (0.0141), 18.3%; 13.3% difference between brushes, p = 0.231 12 weeks: OR brush = 0.344 (0.0155), 34.7%; sonic brush = 0.309 (0.0153); 31.2% 11.3% difference between brushes, p = 0.112 |
| Klukowska, M., Grender, J., Conde, E., Goyal, C., Qaqish, J. and Schneider, M., 2014 [30] | Unclear | Randomised, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel-group study | OR toothbrush: Oral-B Triumph with SmartGuide with Oral-B CrossAction brush head D34.EB50 | Sonic toothbrush: Sonicare DiamondClean with standard brush head | MGI, GBI, number of bleeding sites, RMNPI safety, user experience | 6 weeks | 130 (2) | Six-week adjusted mean reduction from baseline RMNPI interproximal plaque (SE), % change OR toothbrush = 0.280 (0.0130), 28.4%; sonic toothbrush = 0.210 (0.0130), 21.3%; 33.3% difference between brushes, p < 0.001 |
| Ccahuana-Vasquez, R., Conde, E., Grender, J., Cunningham, P., Qaqish, J. and Goyal, C., 2015 [31] | Unclear | Randomised, examiner-blind, two-treatment, parallel-group | Oscillating–rotating brush: Oral-B Professional Care 1000 [D16u] with Oral-B CrossAction brush head [EB50] | Sonic brush: Sonicare DiamondClean with standard DiamondClean brush head | RMNPI, MGI, GBI | 8 weeks ± 2 days | 150 (2) | Adjusted mean reduction (SE), % change (between baseline and week 8): OR toothbrush = 0.349 (0.0140), 34.9%; sonic toothbrush = 0.270 (0.0142), 27%; 29.3% difference between groups, p < 0.001 |
| Lv, Guo and Ling, 2018 [32] | Guangzhou city, China | Randomised, examiner-blind, parallel-group, with two-treatment sub-trials | High-frequency sonic toothbrush: GEVILAN GET011 with GEH011 brush head (683 Hz) (Group A) | Oscillating–rotating toothbrush: Oral-B PRO 700 with Cross Action brush head (8800 oscillations and 20,000 pulsations per minute) (Group B) Sonic brush: Philips Sonicare Healthy White HX6712 with ProResults brush head (517 Hz) (Group C) MGI |
RMNPI, MGI, GBI safety | 6 months | 120 (1) | Adjusted mean reduction from baseline (SE), % change Month 3: A: 0.114 (0.017), 11.5% B: 0.082 (0.017), 8.3% C: 0.108 (0.016), 11.1% Month 6: A: 0.169 (0.013), 17.1% B: 0.131 (0.013), 13.3% C: 0.219 (0.019), 22.4% |
| Adam, Goyal, Qaqish and Grender, 2020 [33] | Canada (unclear) | Randomised, open-label, parallel-group, examiner-blind | Oscillating–rotating brush Oral-B iO and Ultimate Clean brush head M7/OC15 | Sonic brush Philips Sonicare DiamondClean Smart Sonic and Premium Plaque control brush head HX9903/11 | Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, RMNPI safety after using the assigned toothbrush for the study period | 8 weeks | 90 (0) | Adjusted mean (SE) change from baseline: Sonic: 0.324 (0.0234) Oscillating–rotating: 0.458 (0.0234) |
| Goyal, C., Adam, R., Timm, H., Grender, J. and Qaqish, J., 2021 [34] | Germany/research centre | Single-centre, examiner-blind, two-treatment, open-label, parallel-group, randomised study | OR brush: Oral-B iO with Ultimate Clean brush head (M7/OR015) in Daily Clean mode | Sonic brush: Sonicare DiamondClean with Premium Plaque Control brush head (HX9903/11) Clean mode with an intensity level of 3 (high) | MGI, GBI, RMNPI | 6 months | 110 (0) | Adjusted mean (SE) change from baseline interproximal RMNPI Day 1—single brushing: OR brush = 0.891 (0.0101); sonic brush = 0.794 (0.0101); 12% difference between groups, p < 0.001. Week 1—OR brush = 0.116 (0.0126); sonic brush = 0.063 (0.0126); 84.5% difference between groups, p = 0.003. Week 24—OR brush = 0.467 (0.0247); sonic brush = 0.371 (0.0247); 25.8% difference between groups, p = 0.007 |