Table 3.

Study endpoints and principal findings.

Author(s), Year	Primary Endpoint(s)	Secondary Endpoint(s)	Key Findings Associated with ERAS Management (p < 0.05)
Li et al., 2018 RCT [15]	Time to readiness for hospital discharge	Length of ICU stay Time to first bowel movement Hospitalisation costs The duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation Use of vasoactive drug support Time to first full diet Time to drainage tube removal Visual analogue scale pain score Results of major laboratory tests Adverse events during hospitalisation Long-term (6 months) complications and patient satisfaction	Reduced postop AF Reduced MV time Reduced ICU stay Reduce time of vasoactive drug support Readiness to discharge Reduced time to first bowel Reduced time to drain removal Reduced medical cost
Blitzer et al., 2022 OS [16]	Postoperative pain control
Hendy et al., 2022 OS [17]	Hospital stay		Reduced MV time Reduced time to ambulation Reduced hospital stay Reduced opioid consumption
Fleming et al., 2016 OS [18]	Length of stay	Perioperative outcomes	Reduced complications Reduced time of postop oral intake Reduced pain Reduced opioid consumption
Williams et al., 2019 OS [19]	Opioid use Gastrointestinal complications Length of stay Patient and staff satisfaction		Reduced ICU stay Reduced hospital stay Reduced GI complications Reduced opioid consumption
Zaouter et al., 2019 OS [20]	Length of stay Postoperative outcomes		Reduced ICU stay Reduced hospital stay Reduced pain
Petersen et al., 2021 OS [21]	Medical costs		Reduced ICU stay Reduced hospital stay Reduced medical cost
Yazdchi et al., 2021 OS [22]	Total ventilation times Length of intensive care unit stay Postoperative hospital length of stay	Postoperative complications Hospital mortality 30-day readmission rates	Reduced MV time Reduced ICU stay Reduced hospital stay
Bills et al., 2022 OS [23]	Opioid consumption	Pain scores Length of stay Opioid-related complications	Reduced opioid-related complications
Loria, 2022 OS [24]	Opioid consumption		Earlier chest tube removal Reduced opioid consumption
Gebauer et al., 2023 OS [25]	ICU length of stay Postoperative hospital length of stay Postoperative complications		Reduced ICU stay Reduced hospital stay
Giger et al., 2023 OS [26]	Hospital mortality Hospital morbidity Length of stay Blood management		Reduced ICU stay Reduced MV time Reduced postop delirium Reduced AKI Reduced chest infection Reduced transfusion
Obafemi et al., 2023 OS [27]	Hospital mortality Hospital morbidity ICU length of stay Hospital length of stay Time until extubation Time until urinary catheter removal		Reduced ICU stay Reduced MV time Reduced hospital stay Reduced time to first ambulation
Berretta et al., 2023 OS [28]	Hospital mortality Postoperative cerebral event	Minor complications Length of stay Survival	Reduced ICU stay Reduced MV time Reduced hospital stay Reduced respiratory insufficiency Reduced ICU readmission