Figure 1.

Early infant (overall period) multi-modal imaging trajectories and non-imaging factors’ contribution to variability in early childhood (A–E) and infant (F) outcomes. Reduced early infant (overall period) volume trajectories predicted poor language outcome across all three neurodevelopmental outcome periods (5-year, 3-year, and 1-year outcomes). Altered WM microstructural early infant (overall period) trajectories in SLF predicted poorer performance on a measure of language and ILF predicted poor motor performance at the 3-year assessment. Macrostructure (volume) trajectories in this period predicted 1-year (up to 21% of variability) and early childhood (up to 32% of variability) performance variability in language/verbal outcomes. The only significant contribution of cardiac lesion type (number of ventricles) was to 3-year motor outcomes. As such, early infant neuroimaging trajectory variables showed remarkable consistency in the degree of ND outcome variance explained across 1-year, 3-year, 5-year time points. Genetic abnormality’s contribution to outcome relatively decreased from 3-year to 5-year time points. In contrast, maternal IQ contributed to the outcomes, and the contribution to variability clearly showed a marked cumulative increase over time from the 1-year assessment (37%) to early childhood (up to 81%).