Skip to main content
. 2024 May 15;25(10):5399. doi: 10.3390/ijms25105399

Table 1.

Systematic review of connexin expression pattern in different benign adrenal masses with correlation to other organ sites.

Connexin Expression Pattern
in the Adrenal Gland		 Connexin Expression Pattern of Specific Lesion of the Other Site References
Adenoma
  • -

    Normal: the ZF has the highest number of gap junctions

  • -

    In benign adrenocortical adenomas, the number of gap junctions was significantly reduced → obscure clinical significance

  • -

    CADM1 (neuronal cell adhesion gene) knockdown or mutation inhibited the gap junction

  • -

    Permeable dye transfer
  • -

    The overexpression of Cx43 decreases cell growth and induces apoptosis in pituitary tumor cell lines

  • -

    Cx43—an additional factor indicative of the malignant potential of bowel cancer, while there is no difference in adenomas

  • -

    The treatment with urethane was associated with the downregulation of Cx26, 32 and 46 expressions in urethane-induced mouse lung adenomas

  • -

    Cx43 is overexpressed in Apc/Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) +/− mice adenomas and colocalises with COX-2 in myofibroblasts

 [28,45,46,47,48,49,50]
Amyloidosis Unknown
  • -

    The activation of astrocytes, which are characterized by a high level of intercellular communication mediated by Cx43 and Cx30, surrounding amyloid plaques, is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease

 [51,52,53,54,55,56]
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Unknown - -
Ganglioneuroma - Unknown -
Granuloma Unknown
  • -

    Granuloma cells express Cx43 in hepatic granulomas induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs

  • -

    Cx43 expression was reduced in Cx43 (+/−) mice

 [57]
Hamartoma Unknown
  • -

    Increased expression of Cx36 and Cx43 in human hypothalamic hamartoma compared with normal human tissue

  • -

    Irregular Cx43 expression was observed in a rare cardiac hamartoma containing adipose tissue in the crista terminalis

 [58,59]
Hemangioma Unknown
  • -

    In comparison with angiosarcoma, the Cx43 expression in hemangioma was lower, suggesting that Cx43 may play a role in the development of malignant vascular tumors

  • -

    Mice lacking Cx37 and Cx40, expressed in vascular endothelium, die perinatally with pronounced vascular abnormalities

 [60,61]
Lipoma Unknown Unknown -
Myelolipoma Unknown Unknown -
Neurofibroma Unknown
  • -

    Equal Cx43 expression in normal control and neurofibromatosis 1 keratinocytes

  • -

    Cx43 was relatively evenly distributed in NF1 cells and did not form typical gap-junctional plaques between keratinocytes

 [62]
Pheochromocytoma
  • -

    Immunohistological Cx expression does not still allow for differentiation of benign from malignant pheochromocytomas

  • -

    Almost no immunoreactivity for Cx43, high Cx32 and low Cx50 expression in pheochromocytomas

 - [27]