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Infection and Drug Resistance logoLink to Infection and Drug Resistance
. 2024 May 20;17:1987–1997. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S463105

Combination Therapy for OXA-48 Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Bloodstream Infections in Premature Infant: A Case Report and Literature Review

Yiyu Chen 1, Chuxuan Fang 1, Jun Luo 1, Xueling Pan 2, Zongyan Gao 3, Shuangyi Tang 1, Meng Li 4,5,6,✉
PMCID: PMC11122319  PMID: 38800585

Abstract

The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has been increasing in recent years. Chinese Infectious Disease Surveillance of Pediatrics (ISPED) showed that in 2022, its resistance rate to meropenem was 18.5%. However, there is limited data available on the treatment of CRKP infection in neonates. In this study, we present a case involving a premature infant infected with OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. The combined susceptibility test revealed a significant synergistic effect between ceftazidime–avibactam(CAZ-AVI), and aztreonam(ATM). The infection was successfully treated with a combination of CAZ-AVI, ATM, and fosfomycin. This case represents the first reported instance of sepsis in a premature infant caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in China. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy in treating CRKP infections in premature infants. We hope that the findings of this study will provide valuable insights for clinicians in their treatment approach.

Keywords: OXA-48, Klebsiella pneumoniae, premature infant, ceftazidime–avibactam, aztreonam

Introduction

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections have gradually become the global concerns. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, a non-motile, and encapsulated gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae.1 It is the main cause of neonatal sepsis in low-income countries (LICs) and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs).2 In recent years, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has increased, and the emergence of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a huge threat to human public health.3,4 The global prevalence of CRKP among patients with KP infections was estimated to be 28.69%, and the prevalence rate of the CRKP vary greatly by country and region.5 According to the statistics of China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET), Klebsiella pneumoniae ranked second in the clinical isolates in China, and the resistance rate to meropenem has increased to 26.0% in 2023.6 A systematic review estimated that there could be at least 60,000 cases of CRKP infections and 5880 deaths in neonates worldwide.7 CRKP showed a high resistance rate to many clinical antibiotics, which limited antimicrobial treatment options.

Especially in the special population of premature infants, who are hospitalized for a long time and need for invasive procedures, which place them at great risk of infections.8 Studies have shown that premature, low-birth-weight and presence of an indwelling central vascular catheter are common risk factors for neonatal sepsis.8,9 A systematic review of 128 articles across 30 countries found that, the pooled prevalence of CRKP infection in hospitalized newborns was 0.3% in LICs and LMICs, and was significantly higher in NICU than in non-ICU neonatal care unit.7 In China, the separation rate of CRKP in neonates decreased year by year from 2016 to 2020, but it was still higher in the neonatal group than in the nonneonatal group.10 This also suggests that CRKP post more threat to newborns.

Antibacterial agents reported in current studies for CRE include Ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI), colistin, fosfomycin, cefiderocol, tigecycline and eravacycline, etc.11–13 The Infectious Diseases Society of America suggested that CAZ-AVI is the preferred treatment option for OXA-48-like producing infections.14

CAZ-AVI is a new third-generation cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination, which has good in vitro activity against Enterobacteriaceae.15,16 Avibactam protects ceftazidime from Ambler class A (eg, KPC-2), class C (eg, AmpC), and specific class D beta-lactamases (eg, OXA-48), but has no activity against class B enzymes (metallo-beta-lactamases).17,18 In 2019, FDA approved CAZ-AVI for complicated intra-abdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections, hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial by designated susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms in adult and pediatric patients aged 3 months and older. Unfortunately, it is not yet approved for neonates and preterm infants. Only a few case reports and case series mentioned the use of CAZ-AVI in premature infants. The safety and efficacy of CAZ-AVI in premature infants have not been established.

Herein, we describe a case of a premature infant infected with ESBL- and OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, successful treatment with CAZ-AVI, aztreonam (ATM) and fosfomycin. And we review the literature for 23 premature infants who infected with CRKP.

Case Report

The premature neonate was delivered via cesarean section to a 34-year-old mother who had a diagnosed scarred uterus, chronic hypertension with preeclampsia, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and chronic fetal distress during pregnancy. The neonate was the younger of twins, born at 32 weeks gestation with a weight of 1370g. Apgar scores at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after initial resuscitation and positive airway pressure were recorded as 9, 10, and 10 respectively. The infant was subsequently diagnosed with prematurity, very low birth weight status, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), and was admitted to the neonatology department for T-piece ventilation support. The twin brother weighed 1630g at birth and had good overall health. He remained hospitalized for twenty-one days without requiring antibiotic treatment.

As per the institutional protocol, a pulmonary surfactant was administered upon admission, followed by caffeine citrate. The infant was breastfed with 2mL of milk every 3 hours. However, the infant repeatedly experienced retention of grass green matter, abdominal distension, and required additional nutrition through a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for intravenous feeding. To mitigate the risk of infection, ampicillin-sulbactam (ampicillin 50mg/kg IV q12h, in a 2:1 ratio) was administered starting on day 3. After completing the treatment, ampicillin-sulbactam was discontinued on day 13. Subsequently, the patient underwent successful extubation and was transitioned to noninvasive ventilation. However, on day 19, the patient experienced sudden fever (Figure 1), decreased pulse oxygen, accelerated heart rate and respiration, decreased blood pressure, cyanosis, and body speckle. C-reactive protein (CRP) (Figure 1) was measured at 30.14mg/L and procalcitonin (PCT) at 3.41ng/mL. Considering the possibility of neonatal sepsis and septic shock, empirical anti-infective therapy was initiated using meropenem (20mg/kg IV q8h). At the same time, blood cultures were obtained, and a lumbar puncture was performed.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Changes in temperature and CRP of the patient during hospitalization and the changes of antimicrobial agents.

Abbreviations: SAM, ampicillin-sulbactam; MEM, meropenem; SCF, cefoperazone-sulbactam; MTR, metronidazole; Van, vancomycin; FOF, fosfomycin; AMK, amikacin; ATM, aztreonam; CAZ-AVI, ceftazidime-avibactam.

On day 23, a blood culture revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (Figure 2). The drug susceptibility results indicated that the bacterium was sensitive to tigecycline, amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin, and showed an intermediate response to cefoperazone-sulbactam (Table 1). Consequently, cefoperazone-sulbactam (30mg/kg IV q8h, in a 1:1 ratio) and amikacin (7.5mg/kg IV q12h) were administered instead. However, over the next two days, the patient’s body temperature remained at 38°C, CRP levels increased to 172.17mg/L, and the infection symptoms did not improve. Subsequently, we conducted in vitro rapid carbapenemase type detection and combined drug susceptibility testing (Figure 3), which revealed that the bacterium primarily produced ESBL and OXA-48 carbapenemase. Furthermore, in vitro testing demonstrated synergistic effects of CAZ-AVI + ATM. Therefore, a combination of ATM (30 mg/kg IV q8h) and CAZ-AVI (62.5 mg/kg IV q8h) was administered instead.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Aetiological examination of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: (A) colonies; (B) Gram stain.

Table 1.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Antibiotics MIC (mg/mL) KB (mm) Interpretation
Levofloxacin ≥8.0 R
Tigecycline 2.0 S
ESBL Pos Pos
Cefazolin ≥64.0 R
Ceftriaxone ≥64.0 R
Amoxicillin-clavulanate ≥32.0 R
Piperacillin-tazobactam ≥128.0 R
Cefepime 15 R
Aztreonam 16.0 R
Ertapenem ≥8.0 R
Imipenem 4.0 R
Amikacin <=2.0 S
Gentamicin <=1.0 S
Tobramycin <=1.0 S
Ciprofloxacin ≥4.0 R
TMP-SMZ ≥320.0 R
Cefuroxime 6 R
Cefoperazone-sulbactam 16 I
Meropenem 15 R
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Abbreviations: MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; KB, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method; mm, millimeter; R, resistance; S, susceptibility; Pos, positive; TMP-SMZ, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; I, intermediate susceptibility.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Rapid enzyme type detection (A) and combination susceptibility test in vitro (B and C).

Abbreviations: ATM, aztreonam; AK, amikacin; CZA, ceftazidime-avibactam; MEM, meropenem; SCF, cefoperazone-sulbactam; CRO, ceftriaxone; FEP, cefepime.

On day 31, the patient’s temperature increased again to 37.8°C and the levels of PCT increased to 15.9 ng/mL, while the platelet count continued to decrease to 10.1×109/L. As a result, the patient’s antimicrobial therapy was changed to amikacin (7.5mg/kg IV q12h). However, the patient’s condition worsened again the following day, leading to the administration of vancomycin (10mg/kg IV q6h) empirically. Simultaneously, blood culture and metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) were performed (Table 2 and Figure 4). At present, the patient’s anti-infection plan consists of CAZ-AVI, amikacin, and vancomycin.

Table 2.

mNGS Results of Blood Culture

Name of Pathogen Reads Per Ten Million Genus Name Relative Abundance (%) Resistance Gene Name
Klebsiella pneumoniae 120,540 Klebsiella 81.2 blaOXA-48
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Figure 4.

Figure 4

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mNGS Results of blood culture.

On day 33, the patient’s temperature remained high at 38.2°C, and there was an increase in abdominal bloating. Due to the PICC being in place for over 1 month, fluconazole (4.5mg/kg IV biw) was added to prevent fungal infection. On day 34 after admission, the ultrasound revealed slowed peristalsis, gas accumulation in the intestinal wall, and ascites. The diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was confirmed, leading to the performance of ileostomy and enterolysis. The mNGS also detected blaOXA-48 Klebsiella pneumoniae. Consequently, we recommended switching amikacin back to ATM (30mg/kg IV q6h) and continuing the combination of CAZ-AVI for treatment. Vancomycin was discontinued and replaced with fosfomycin (33mg/kg IV q8h). The current anti-infection plan consists of CAZ-AVI + ATM + fosfomycin + fluconazole. With this treatment plan, the patient’s temperature returned to normal and the CRP decreased to 32.52mg/L.

On the 38th day, the patient experienced another episode of fever with a body temperature of 38.3°C and an increase in CRP to 119.54 mg/L. Considering the prolonged presence of the PICC for over a month and the potential risk of catheter-related infection, a central venous catheter (CVC) was inserted on the 42nd day. Simultaneously, the PICC was removed, and the fistula tract was cleaned and the fistula bag replaced. Following these interventions, the patient’s body temperature remained stable compared to before, and symptoms such as shortness of breath, groaning, and cyanosis gradually improved. Additionally, the inflammatory markers gradually decreased, and all three subsequent blood cultures were negative. Subsequently, we gradually discontinued the administration of fosfomycin, ATM, CAZ-AVI, and fluconazole in sequential order. The patient was discharged after achieving a stable condition, resulting in a total hospitalization period of 58 days. No adverse effects that could be attributed to the combined therapy were observed during the treatment.

Literature Review

PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant studies, combining Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and free-text terms for “Infant, Premature” and “Klebsiella pneumoniae”. Finally, 14 articles and 23 patients were selected.17,19–31

Table 3 presents a summary of the 24 premature infants, including the case discussed in this study. Our findings indicate a high failure rate when using meropenem alone or in combination with aminoglycosides or polymyxins to treat severe CRE infections. Among these cases, 13 children opted for CAZ-AVI as a salvage therapy after not responding to initial treatment. Remarkably, all patients except one were successfully cured. The one patient who died had negative blood cultures on the fourth day of CAZ-AVI treatment, but the cause of death was likely attributed to other factors such as premature birth and/or chronic lung disease. In conclusion, based on our analysis of published cases, CAZ-AVI-based regimens can be considered as an alternative treatment option when initial treatment fails.

Table 3.

Reports of CRKP Infections in Premature Infants

Publication Age, Sex Gestational Age (W), Weight at Birth (g) Diagnosis Culture Notes Susceptible Drug Ineffective Antimicrobial Therapy Definitive Antimicrobial Therapy Outcome
Current case After delivery, M 32, 1370 Premature infant, VLBW infant, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; neonatal sepsis and septic shock; NEC Blood OXA-48, ESBL TGC, AMK, GEN and tobramycin; intermediate susceptibility to cefoperazone-sulbactam MEM; cefoperazone-sulbactam + AMK;
CAZ-AVI + AMK + Van		 CAZ-AVI (62.5mg/kg q8h), ATM (30mg/kg q6h) and FOF (33mg/kg q8h), for 15 days. Cured
Sameer
Bawankule et al 202322 		Referred to our hospital at day 9, M 27, 1040 Complications of hyaline membrane disease, PDA, and suspected NEC NR MBL (NDM) and OXA-48-like CST CST + MEM; polymyxin B + CAZ-AVI + ATM cefiderocol, polymyxin B, CAZ-AVI, and ATM, for 14 days. Cured
Caterina Monari et al 202321 After delivery, F 31+1, 1100 BSI Blood MBL (VIM) Cefiderocol; intermediate susceptibility to IPM SAM + netilmicin (intolerance);
Van + netilmicin;
MEM		 Cefiderocol (60mg/kg loading dose, followed by 40mg/kg q8h), for 9 days. Cured
Weicong Pu et al 202319 7-hour-old, F 34+4, 2400 Osteoarthritis Blood CRKP Polymyxin, CHL and TGC, after treatment with polymyxin for 4 weeks, indicated resistance to polymyxin MEM;
polymyxin		 CAZ-AVI (50mg/kg q8h), for 2 weeks. Cured
Weicong Pu et al 202319 45-day-old, M 32+4, 1270 Right hip arthritis and femoral osteomyelitis Puncture fluid CRKP TET, minocycline, TGC, compound TMP–SMZ, CHL, polymyxin and CAZ-AVI MEM + Van CAZ-AVI (50mg/kg q8h), for 4 weeks. Cured
Andrea Marino et al 202317 After delivery, M 25+3940 Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia Blood KPC CST, TGC, FOF, TMP–SMZ, CAZ-AVI, ceftolozane-tazobactam Specific drugs were not reported CAZ-AVI (50mg/kg q8h) along with FOF or AMK (not report clear), for 15 days. Cured
Allan da S. Nascimento et al 202220 After delivery, NR 29, 830 BSI Blood CPKP, ESBL AMK, CST, and CAZ-AVI N CAZ-AVI (50mg/kg q8h for 2 days; next two days adjusted to peritoneal dialysis to 23.75mg/kg q48h; followed by 50mg/kg q8h), totally for 2 weeks. Cured
Suzan S. Asfour et al 202223 After delivery, F 27, 920 Bacteraemia and meningitis Blood and CSF CRKP Blood culture showed sensitive to CST, GEN, TGC. The CSF culture was sensitive to CST. MEM + Van;
CST + GEN		 CAZ-AVI (62.5mg/kg q8h) and FOF, for 2 weeks. Cured
Suzan S. Asfour et al 202223 After delivery, F 28, 925 Bacteraemia Blood CRKP, ESBL Initially, sensitive to MEM and AMK. After 15 days sensitive to CAZ-AVI and AMK cefepime + AMK;
MEM + AMK		 CAZ-AVI (62.5mg/kg q8h for 4 days and 62.5mg/kg qd for 1 day) and AMK, totally for 5 days. Died
Yesim Coskun et al 202026 After delivery, NR 27, 1000 UTI Urine CRKP TGC MEM + AMK;
MEM + CST		 CAZ-AVI (50mg/kg q8h), for 10 days. Cured
Elias Iosifidis et al 201927 Median age 51 days, range from 13 days to 134 days, 3M, 2F 25–32, median weight 1260g, range from 900g to 2030g NEC, EOS, LOS and other diagnoses Blood or rectal swab CRKP All patients were susceptible to CAZ-AVI, most (4/5) susceptibility to CST, 1 patient were intermediate susceptible to AMK All patients received other antibiotics prior to CAZ-AVI. Other antibiotics and CAZ-AVI (62.5mg/kg q8h. In one case of febrile UTI due to renal insufficiency and CVVH, the dose was given at 50% of the recommended dose q8h.) Cured
Bowen Weng et al 202124 At 1 hour postnatally, M 28+1, 970 Sepsis TI, sputum, and blood CRKP CAZ-AVI, polymyxin B, TMP-SMZ and TGC Van TMP–SMZ (20mg/kg, bid), for 10 days. Cured
Yue-E Wu et al 202025 After delivery, NR 27, 972 Neonatal sepsis, neonatal meningitis Blood CRKP Levofloxacin and AMK N MEM 20mg/kg q12h for 4 days, then 40mg/kg q12h for 3 days. Cured
Matilde Ciccia et al 201828 After delivery, F 25+1, 750 Severe VAP with concomitant bacteraemia Blood and BAL MBL (VIM) TGC and CST oxacillin + GEN;
TZP + GEN		 MEM (60mg/kg, qid), GEN and aerosolised GEN (0.6 mg in 2 mL of normal saline qid), for 10 days. Cured
Paolo Bonfanti et al 201729 After delivery, NR 23, 540 Sepsis Blood and BA KPC-3 GEN and CST N MEM (20mg/kg q8h) and CST (2.5mg/kg bid), for 10 day. Cured
Javier Antonio Escobar Pérez et al 201330 Median age 11.5 days, range from 9 days to 23 days, 2M, 2F 29–32, median weight 1375g, range from 1000g to 1660g Placenta abruptio, severe perinatal asphyxia, enterocolitis, and other diagnoses. Blood, catheter tip, feces and peritoneal fluid. MBL (NDM-1) ATM, CIP, TET, TGC, and CST AMP + AMK;
AMP + TZP;
TZP+ GEN		 MEM + rifampin;
IPM + CIP		 3 cured and 1 died
Debasmita Dubey et al 201331 7-day-old, NR 31, 1250 Neonatal septicemia Blood MBL, ESBL N (resistant to 17 antibiotics) TZP + GEN N Died
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Abbreviations: F, female; NR, not report; M, male; W, week; VLBW, very low birth weight; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; BSI, Bloodstream infection; UTI, urinary tract infection; EOS, early onset sepsis; LOS, late-onset sepsis; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; TI, tracheal intubation; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BA, bronchial aspirate; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases; MBL, metallo-beta-lactamases; CRKP, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; CPKP, carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae; TGC, tigecycline; AMK, amikacin; GEN, gentamicin; CST, colistin; CAZ-AVI, ceftazidime-avibactam; TMP–SMZ, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; IPM, imipenem; CHL, chloramphenicol; TET, tetracycline; FOF, fosfomycin; MEM, meropenem; ATM, aztreonam; CIP, ciprofloxacin; Van, vancomycin; SAM, ampicillin-sulbactam; TZP, piperacillin-tazobactam; AMP, ampicillin; CVVH, continuous venous-venous hemofiltration.

Discussion

The infection data of Chinese children collected by the Infectious Disease Surveillance of Pediatrics (ISPED) in recent years showed that the detectable rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in neonates and the resistance rate of meropenem decreased slightly in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19, but there is a trend of recovery.32,33 Klebsiella pneumoniae of newborns in China accounted for the third clinically isolated bacteria (12.6%), and its resistance rate to meropenem was 18.5%. Klebsiella pneumoniae producing ESBL accounted for 42.3%.34 A study from the Children’s Hospital in Shanghai, China, suggested that the detection rate of OXA-48 in CRE strains in children was 0.7.35 Unfortunately, we did not find a report on the national epidemiology of OXA-48 in children in China.

The infection in this case is caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Current studies suggest that the progenitors of the blaOXA-48-like genes are the waterborne, environmental and non-human-pathogenic Shewanella spp., and the Serratia marcescens could have played the role of intermediate reservoir.36,37 The current transmission of blaOXA-48 gene is mainly related to the dissemination of a single IncL/ M-type self-transfer plasmid of 62 kb.38–40 OXA-48 is an Ambler class D beta-lactamase, which has the ability to hydrolyze carbapenems. However, its enzyme activity can be inhibited by avibactam.41 Studies have shown that OXA-48 is closely associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs).16 In a recent study, it was found that 69% of the 113 OXA-48-producing isolates also produced ESBLs.42

A retrospective cohort study conducted in 2017 found that patients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) had a lower mortality rate when treated with combination therapy rather than monotherapy.43,44 In previous case reports involving premature infants, carbapenemase types such as metalloenzymes and KPC have been commonly observed, while the OXA-48 type is rare. Only one relevant case report has been found so far, where a combination of multiple drugs, including Polymyxa B and cefideril, was used. Due to its side effects, including nephrotoxicity and neurological issues, as well as a lack of data on its administration in newborns/infants, Polymyxa B may not be the best antibiotic choice. Some studies recommend combining CAZ-AVI with amikacin.42 In the case of this child, initial treatment combined with amikacin yielded poor efficacy. Premature infants have incomplete nephrogenesis, inadequate plasma drug concentration of amikacin may be a crucial factor contributing to the treatment failure.34–36 Previous reports have indicated that the combination of CAZ-AVI and ATM exhibits significant in vitro activity against CPE expressing multiple beta-lactamases.31 A recent study conducted on CPE isolated from clinical samples also demonstrated a synergistic effect of the combination of CAZ-AVI and ATM on 98.8% of Klebsiella spp, with all 16 pan drug-resistant (PDR) isolates showing a synergistic effect.32 In our study, the combined susceptibility test revealed a significant synergistic effect between CAZ-AVI, and ATM, but not with amikacin. It is important to note that although the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in our case is resistant to ATM, avibactam (AVI) acts as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, protecting ATM from hydrolysis by various beta-lactamases, including ESBLs and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC).33 This mechanism may explain the observed synergistic effect of CAZ-AVI and ATM in vitro. Additionally, despite the use of the CAZ-AVI and ATM, this infant’s condition remained unstable As an innovative approach, fosfomycin was added as the third combination drug in our case. Recent research indicates that fosfomycin’s unique mechanism of action allows for synergistic effects with other antibacterial drugs in treating CRE without cross-resistance. However, there is limited pharmacokinetic data for fosfomycin in premature infants. Current literature suggests a recommended daily total dose of intravenous fosfomycin sodium for children and newborns with normal renal function in European countries is typically 200 to 400 mg/kg, administered 2 to 3 times daily. To account for the renal function status of premature infants, a daily dose of 100 mg/kg was administered, divided into 3 doses per day. Ultimately, this approach achieved a “powerful combination” for treating pathogens that produce both ESBL and OXA-48, throughout this treatment period, we closely monitored the infant’s renal function and electrolyte levels, observing no adverse reactions.

Inadequate source control may have contributed to incomplete bacteremia clearance and the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Upon evaluation, it was found that the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) had been in place for one month. Additionally, there were drainage tubes and an ostomy bag. After removing the PICC, cleaning and replacing the fistula tube, there was a significant improvement in the infection symptoms of the child. This emphasizes the importance of not only administering appropriate and effective antimicrobials but also considering necessary surgical intervention and providing appropriate care. This case also serves as a reminder that premature infants with low birth weight, who require mechanical ventilation for respiratory support, use broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, long-term intravenous nutrition, and have a PICC indwelling are at high risk for hospital-acquired Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infection.

Our study describes the successful recovery of a premature infant infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and OXA-48 enzymes. The child’s condition improved through a combination regimen of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI), aztreonam (ATM), and fosfomycin, along with successful surgery and optimized management of PICC. Our research findings highlight the importance of utilizing multiple methods to detect the cause of infection when initial treatment fails. Additionally, combined drug susceptibility testing can assist in determining appropriate dosing regimens for OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, with CAZ-AVI and ATM demonstrating a positive synergistic effect. Furthermore, fosfomycin proves to be a valuable option as a third drug in the combination regimen, particularly in severe infections, yielding good therapeutic outcomes. While existing literature suggests that CAZ-AVI is well tolerated in preterm infants, further prospective clinical trials are necessary to thoroughly evaluate its safety and efficacy in this specific population. In our case, the combination regimen was well tolerated, and no significant adverse drug reactions were observed.

Funding Statement

This work is supported by National key R&D projects (Grant no. 2022YFC2504800) and The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Provincial and Ministerial Key Laboratory Cultivation Project: Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tropical Fungi and Mycosis Research (Grant no. YYZS2020006) and Guangxi University teachers research basic ability improvement project (Grant no. 2023KY0119) and Medical empowerment project (Grant no. CRCF-YXFN-202301004).

Ethics Approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Approval Number: 2023-E758-01). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent

Written informed consent for publication of their details was obtained from the parents, and the publication of this paper will not disclose the patient’s identity information, and there will be no interest disputes with the patient and his family.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to take responsibility and be accountable for the contents of the article.

Disclosure

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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