Table 1.
AMR pathogens, according to the WHO prioritization list, associated types of antibiotic resistance and preventive/treatment options under development over the last five years.
| Bacteria | Type of Antibiotic Resistance [8] | Vaccines under Development § | mAbs under Development | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Priority 1: Critical # | ||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | carbapenem resistant | Murine anti-capsular mAbs (preclinical) |
[13,14] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | carbapenem resistant | WVDC-5244 (preclinical) anti-PcrV mAb (preclinical) MEDI3902 (MedImmune Astra Zeneca, Ph2) anti-SpuE mAb (preclinical) |
[15,16,17,18,19] | |
| Enterobacteriaceae * | carbapenem-resistant, 3rd-generation cephalosporin resistant | ExPEC 9V (J&J-Sanofi), bioconjugate, Ph3; FimHC (Sequoia), subunit vaccine, Ph2; Kleb4V (LMTB-GSK), bioconjugate, Ph2 |
Anti-O-Antigen and anti-capsule K. pneumoniae mAbs, preclinical Secretory IgA vs. enterotoxigenic E. coli, preclinical |
[20,21,22,23,24,25] (NCT06134804; NCT04959344) |
| Priority 2: High | ||||
| Enterococcus faecium | vancomycin resistant | Murine anti-capsular and anti-secreted antigen A mAbs, preclinical |
[26] | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | methicillin-resistant, vancomycin intermediate and resistant | Staph 5V (GSK), subunit vaccine, Ph2 |
MEDI4893 (anti-a toxin) (MedImmune Astra Zeneca), Ph2 |
[27,28] |
| Helicobacter pylori | clarithromycin resistant | |||
| Campylobacter jejuni | fluoroquinolone resistant | Anti-FliD secretory IgA, preclinical |
[29] | |
| Salmonella spp. | fluoroquinolone resistant | Entervax (ZH9PA+ ZH9), (Prokarion), live attenuated, Ph1; O:2-TT+Vi-TT (NIH, Lanzhou), glycoconjugate, Ph2; O:2-DT+Vi-TT (SII), glycoconjugate, Ph1; O:2-CRM+Vi-CRM (GSK/BioE), glycoconjugate, Ph1; INTS-TCV (GSK), GMMA/glycoconjugate, Ph2; iNTS COPS-FliC + TypBar (TCV) (Maryland U, Bharat), glycoconjugate, Ph2 |
Murine anti-outer membrane protein mAb Sal-06, preclinical Anti-Type 3 Secretion System mAb, preclinical Anti-LPS Sal4 IgA, preclinical |
[30,31,32,33] |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 3rd-generation cephalosporin resistant, fluoroquinolone resistant | NgG (GSK), GMMA, Ph2 | 2C7 (anti-lipooligosaccharide mAb), preclinical |
[34,35,36] (NCT05630859) |
| Priority 3: Medium | ||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | penicillin non-susceptible | Pn-MAPS 24v (GSK), MAPS, Ph2; Vax-24 (Vaxcyte), glycoconjugate, Ph2 |
Anti-capsular mAbs, preclinical |
[37] (NCT05844423) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ampicillin resistant | na ** | Anti-Type 4 pilus mAb, preclinical |
[38] |
| Shigella spp. | fluoroquinolone resistant | ZF0901 (Beijing Zhifei), glycoconjugate, Ph3; S4V-EPA (LMTB), bioconjugate, Ph2; altSonflex1-2-3 (GSK), GMMA, Ph2; SF2a-TT15 (Institute Pasteur), synthetic conjugate, Ph2; InvaplexAR-DETOX (Walter Reed), subunit, Ph1; ShigOravax (Hilleman Lab), killed, Ph1 |
Anti-Type 3 Secretion System mAb, preclinical |
[32,39] |
# This classification follows that from WHO on antibiotic-resistant pathogens, published in 2017 [8]. Mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of human tuberculosis) were not subjected to review for inclusion in the WHO prioritization exercise, as it was already considered a globally established priority for which innovative new treatments are urgently needed. * Enterobacteriaceae include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Providencia spp. and Morganella spp. § Only vaccines in clinical development are listed. ** Vaccines containing Hib conjugates are available in the market.