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. 2024 May 19;14(5):289. doi: 10.3390/metabo14050289

Table 2.

Differentially expressed metabolites in liver of rats drinking purified water.

Class HMDB KEGG Metabolite p-Value FDR Fold Change VIP Trend
Amino Acids HMDB0000182 C00047 Lysine 2.652 × 10−3 0.029 0.687 1.56 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000177 C00135 Histidine 9.229 × 10−4 0.018 0.679 1.72 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000214 C00077 Ornithine 3.546 × 10−2 0.102 0.636 1.14 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000641 C00064 Glutamine 1.768 × 10−2 0.065 0.768 1.20 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000148 C00025 Glutamic acid 1.469 × 10−2 0.064 0.616 1.46 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000271 C00213 Sarcosine 5.196 × 10−3 0.039 0.563 1.39 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000056 C00099 beta-Alanine 1.050 × 10−3 0.018 0.428 1.93 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000161 C00041 Alanine 7.578 × 10−5 0.005 0.591 1.89 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000112 C00334 GABA 8.931 × 10−3 0.053 0.461 1.45 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000187 C00065 Serine 1.295 × 10−2 0.064 0.670 1.35 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0002108 NA Methylcysteine 4.871 × 10−4 0.013 0.461 1.69 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000158 C00082 Tyrosine 1.150 × 10−2 0.063 0.502 1.34 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000168 C00152 Asparagine 3.886 × 10−3 0.035 0.558 1.45 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000684 C00328 Kynurenine 2.165 × 10−5 0.002 0.273 1.77 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000191 C00049 Aspartic acid 4.326 × 10−2 0.117 0.697 1.36 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000766 NA N-Acetyalanine 5.196 × 10−3 0.039 0.581 1.39 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000123 C00037 Glycine 3.805 × 10−4 0.013 0.691 1.68 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000162 C00148 Proline 2.879 × 10−3 0.029 0.432 1.51 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000532 NA Acetylglycine 1.553 × 10−2 0.064 0.753 1.36 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0002931 NA N-Acetylserine 3.546 × 10−2 0.102 0.529 1.36 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000883 C00183 Valine 1.615 × 10−2 0.064 0.719 1.27 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000267 C01879 Pyroglutamic acid 6.841 × 10−3 0.047 0.662 1.46 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000696 C00073 Methionine 1.854 × 10−2 0.065 0.568 1.27 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000687 C00123 Leucine 8.931 × 10−3 0.053 0.610 1.32 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000929 C00078 Tryptophan 1.469 × 10−2 0.064 0.633 1.09 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000001 C01152 1-Methylhistidine 8.977 × 10−4 0.018 0.701 1.59 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000452 C02356 alpha-Aminobutyric acid 3.886 × 10−3 0.035 0.450 1.44 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0001149 C00430 5-Aminolevulinic acid 6.915 × 10−3 0.047 0.590 1.32 ↓
Amino Acids HMDB0000725 C01157 4-Hydroxyproline 5.550 × 10−3 0.040 0.752 1.49 ↓
Benzenoids HMDB0000669 C05852 ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid 1.628 × 10−2 0.064 1.722 1.40 ↑
Bile Acids HMDB0000896 C05463 TDCA 4.498 × 10−2 0.121 0.696 1.27 ↓
Bile Acids HMDB0000722 C02592 TLCA 1.130 × 10−2 0.063 0.616 1.26 ↓
Bile Acids HMDB0000733 NA HDCA 2.352 × 10−2 0.076 0.077 1.46 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000943 C01620 Threonic acid 3.723 × 10−2 0.105 0.702 1.15 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000150 C00198 Gluconolactone 1.902 × 10−2 0.065 0.712 1.42 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000613 NA Erythronic acid 1.774 × 10−2 0.064 0.661 1.37 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000230 C00270 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 2.879 × 10−3 0.029 0.534 1.63 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000122 C00221 Glucose 4.871 × 10−4 0.013 0.606 1.64 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000740 C07064 Lactulose 2.879 × 10−3 0.029 0.383 1.25 ↓
Carbohydrates NA NA Maltose/Lactose 4.871 × 10−4 0.013 0.424 1.15 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0001262 C01835 Maltotriose 2.364 × 10−3 0.029 0.664 1.61 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000215 C00140 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 8.931 × 10−3 0.053 0.504 1.48 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000956 C00898 Tartaric acid 8.127 × 10−3 0.053 0.604 1.16 ↓
Carbohydrates HMDB0000867 C01685 Ribonic acid 1.469 × 10−2 0.064 0.239 1.50 ↓
Carnitines HMDB0002013 C02862 Butyrylcarnitine 1.245 × 10−2 0.064 0.349 1.29 ↓
Carnitines HMDB0000378 NA 2-Methylbutyroylcarnitine 1.505 × 10−3 0.022 0.509 1.33 ↓
Carnitines NA NA 3-Hydroxylisovalerylcarnitine 1.616 × 10−2 0.064 0.739 1.17 ↓
Carnitines HMDB0000791 C02838 Octanoylcarnitine 1.578 × 10−2 0.064 0.897 1.13 ↓
Carnitines HMDB0002250 NA Dodecanoylcarnitine 2.223 × 10−2 0.074 1.107 1.29 ↑
Fatty Acids HMDB0000784 C08261 Azelaic acid 2.959 × 10−3 0.029 1.130 1.72 ↑
Fatty Acids HMDB0000792 C08277 Sebacic acid 1.727 × 10−2 0.065 1.099 1.35 ↑
Fatty Acids HMDB0000448 C06104 Adipic acid 1.469 × 10−2 0.064 0.708 1.12 ↓
Fatty Acids HMDB0001388 C06427 alpha-Linolenic acid 1.469 × 10−2 0.064 0.609 1.25 ↓
Fatty Acids NA NA 10,13-Nonadecadienoic acid 2.920 × 10−2 0.090 0.597 1.18 ↓
Fatty Acids HMDB0001999 C06428 EPA 5.196 × 10−3 0.039 0.433 1.40 ↓
Fatty Acids HMDB0001043 C00219 Arachidonic acid 1.150 × 10−2 0.063 0.504 1.42 ↓
Fatty Acids HMDB0002925 C03242 Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid 3.546 × 10−2 0.102 0.635 1.25 ↓
Fatty Acids HMDB0002183 C06429 DHA 1.469 × 10−2 0.064 0.475 1.50 ↓
Fatty Acids HMDB0006528 C16513 DPA 1.854 × 10−2 0.065 0.626 1.02 ↓
Indoles HMDB0000197 C00954 Indoleacetic acid 2.191 × 10−2 0.074 1.097 1.25 ↑
Organic Acids HMDB0000661 C00489 Glutaric acid 2.890 × 10−2 0.090 0.824 1.26 ↓
Organic Acids HMDB0000072 C02341 Aconitic acid 1.398 × 10−2 0.064 1.164 1.42 ↑
Organic Acids HMDB0000128 C00581 Guanidoacetic acid 5.196 × 10−3 0.039 0.510 1.47 ↓
Organic Acids HMDB0000357 C01089 3-Hydroxybutyric acid 1.050 × 10−3 0.018 0.609 1.88 ↓
Organic Acids HMDB0000008 C05984 2-Hydroxybutyric acid 4.014 × 10−3 0.035 0.554 1.54 ↓
Organic Acids HMDB0000176 C01384 Maleic acid 2.349 × 10−2 0.076 0.740 1.17 ↓
Peptides HMDB0000721 NA Glycylproline 1.854 × 10−2 0.065 0.542 1.00 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0000042 C00033 Acetic acid 2.711 × 10−2 0.086 0.699 1.39 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0000754 NA 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid 3.115 × 10−2 0.094 0.528 1.41 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0000039 C00246 Butyric acid 1.835 × 10−4 0.010 0.456 1.85 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0000535 C01585 Caproic acid 1.609 × 10−2 0.064 0.625 1.39 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0002176 C18319 Ethylmethylacetic acid 1.462 × 10−5 0.002 0.350 2.06 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0000718 C08262 Isovaleric acid 1.508 × 10−3 0.022 0.542 1.72 ↓
SCFAs HMDB0000892 C00803 Valeric acid 1.556 × 10−3 0.022 0.674 1.63 ↓

Variable of importance in the project (VIP) was obtained using OPLS-DA with a threshold of 1.0. p-value was calculated using Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, depending on the normality of data and homogeneity of variance. ↓, decrease. ↑, increase. HMDB, Human Metabolome Database. KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid. TLCA, taurolithocholic acid. HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid. GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid. EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. DPA, docosapentaenoic acid.