CAJ	concentrated apple juice
VE	vacuum evaporation
FO	forward osmosis
MD	membrane distillation
L-NaLa	sodium lactate
UP	ultrapure
DS	draw solution
Glu-K	Potassium gluconate
VMD	vacuum membrane distillation
PTFE	polytetrafluoroethylene
FS	feed solution
NaCl	sodium chloride
SSF	sodium sulfite
SMB	sodium metabisulfite
SB	sodium benzoate
SDA	sodium diacetate
Sorb-K	potassium sorbate
DPPH	2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl
SEM	scanning electron microscope
EDS	energy dispersive spectrometer
AFM	atomic force microscopy
XPS	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
TSS	total soluble solid
OAJ	original apple juice
CAJ-F	CAJ produced by FO
CAJ-V	CAJ produced by VE
ICP	internal concentration polarization
RSR	radicals scavenging rate
MOS	metal oxide semiconductor
CAJ-V-W	distillate produced in VE
TMC	trimesoyl chloride
MPD	m-Phenylenediamine