Table 1.
Subject characteristics.
| Normoglycaemia | p | Prediabetes/Type 2 Diabetes | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nordics | South Asians | Nordics | South Asians | |||
| Participants, n (%) | 57/108 [52.7] | 55/178 [30.9] | 51/108 [47.2] | 123/178 [69.1] | <0.001 * | |
| Age (years) | 36.7 (4.9) | 34.4 (3.9) | <0.001 | 36.2 (4.8) | 34.6 (4.2) | 0.031 |
| Years since index pregnancy | 1.4 [0.9] | 1.3 [1.2] | 0.093 | 1.6 [1.1] | 1.3 [1.0] | 0.159 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.0 (0.3) | 36.6 (0.5) | <0.001 | 38.0 (0.6) | 40.4 (0.4) | 0.004 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (2.1) | 5.5 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.8 (2.2) | ||
| Weight [kg] | 72.0 [24.0] | 68.8 [17.6] | <0.001 | 86.0 [21.0] | 72.9 [19.3] | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 167.9 (6.0) | 158.1(6.0) | <0.001 | 165.8 (6.0) | 160.0 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 25.5 [8.4] | 27.6 [5.4] | 0.663 | 31.9 [6.9] | 28.8 [6.4] | 0.007 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.2 (14.3) | 93.6 (12.6) | 0.777 | 100.5 (12.4) | 97.9 (11.5) | 0.185 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.87 (0.09) | 0.88 (0.06) | 0.018 | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.07) | 0.069 |
| Waist–height ratio | 0.55 (0.86) | 0.59 (0.77) | 0.002 | 0.61 (0.08) | 0.61 (0.07) | 0.657 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.24 (0.82) | 4.2 (0.6) | 0.358 | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.4 (0.7) | 0.397 |
| ASAT (U/L) | 20.7 (4.3) | 24.3 (5.9) | 0.004 | 23.8 (7.7) | 24.2 (5.2) | 0.685 |
| ALAT (U/L) | 16.3 (6.1) | 20.4 (9.1) | 0.065 | 22.8 (13.9) | 22.1 (8.4) | 0.668 |
| Parity (no.) | 1.7 (0.7) | 2.1 (1.0) | <0.001 | 1.7 (0.7) | 2.2 (1.0) | 0.001 |
| Prior GDM (yes/no [%]) | 9/57 [16] | 13/54 [24] | 0.100 | 15/51 [29] | 42/121 [35] | 0.503 |
| Family history of diabetes (yes/no [%]) | 10/46 [22] | 38/51 [75] | <0.001 | 12/45 [27] | 87/117 [74] | <0.001 |
| Insulin use in pregnancy (yes/no [%]) | 11/57 [19] | 19/55 [35] | 0.138 | 23/51 [45] | 53/123 [43] | 0.809 |
| Years of education | 17.2 (2.8) | 14.4 (3.3) | <0.001 | 16.3 (3.1) | 15.0 (3.5) | 0.022 |
| Smoking | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Daily (yes/no [%]) | 1/57 (1.8) | 2/55 (3.6) | 7/51 (13.7) | 2/123 (1.6) | ||
| Earlier (yes/no [%]) | 18/57 (31.6) | 2/55 (3.6) | 20/51 (39.2) | 2/123 (1.6) | ||
| Never (yes/no [%]) | 38/57 (66.7) | 51/55 (92.7) | 24/51 (47.1) | 119/123 (96.8) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Weekly (yes/no [%]) | 18/57 (31.6) | 1/55 (1.8) | 10/51 (19.6) | 2/123 (1.6) | ||
| Less than weekly (yes/no [%]) | 38/57 (66.7) | 8/55 (14.6) | 38/51 (74.5) | 12/123 (9.8) | ||
| Never (yes/no [%]) | 1/57 (1.8) | 46/55 (83.6) | 3/51 (5.9) | 109/123 (88.6) | ||
Data are mean (standard deviation) or median [interquartile range] or numbers [per cent, %], as appropriate. No. = numbers. Family history = first-degree relative with diabetes. GDM = gestational diabetes before index pregnancy. ASAT = aspartate transaminase. ALAT = alanine transaminase. p = p-value from a Wilcoxon’s rank test or a Student t-test, as appropriate. * Fisher’s exact test for numbers.