Table 5.

The main articles cited in this study.

Ref.	Authors	Year	Study Focus	Key Findings	Relevance to PAL Management
[1]	Geraci TC, et al.	2021	Postoperative air leaks in lung surgery	Identified predictors, intraoperative techniques, and management strategies.	Insights into comprehensive management of PAL.
[2]	Aprile V, et al.	2023	Conservative management of PAL	Reviewed intraoperative prevention and conservative management strategies.	Highlights the importance of non-surgical management.
[3]	Cerfolio RJ, et al.	1998	Management algorithm for air leaks post-pulmonary resection	Developed a prospective management algorithm.	Basis for many current protocols; emphasizes early management.
[4]	Brunelli A, et al.	2004	Predictors of prolonged air leak after lobectomy	Investigated patient and surgical factors influencing air leak duration.	Identifies risk factors to inform surgical planning.
[6]	Sridhar P, et al.	2020	Prevention of postoperative prolonged air leaks	Explored preventive measures for PAL after pulmonary resection.	Offers insights into effective preventive strategies.
[10]	Brunelli A, et al.	2010	Scoring system to predict risk of prolonged air leaks	Introduced a scoring system based on patient-specific factors.	Helps in preoperative planning and risk assessment.
[13]	Orsini B, et al.	2015	Validation of prolonged air leaks score in VATS	Validated a scoring system for predicting PAL risk in VATS procedures.	Assists in assessing risk and planning VATS procedures.
[15]	French DG, et al.	2018	Management of parenchymal air leaks	Discussed optimal management techniques for parenchymal air leaks.	Provides guidelines for effective postoperative care.
[19]	Yang HC, et al.	2018	Novel air leak test using surfactant for lung surgery	Introduced a novel test for detecting air leaks during surgery.	Enhances intraoperative detection and management.
[20]	Kang DY	2020	Intraoperative air leak detection via CO2 insufflation	Demonstrated safe and practical air leak site detection during surgery.	Improves intraoperative detection and potential outcomes.
[21]	Okusanya OT, et al.	2018	Infrared intraoperative fluorescence imaging	Explored the use of indocyanine green for intraoperative leak detection.	Offers advanced technique for enhancing leak detection.
[24]	Lequaglie C, et al.	2012	Use of sealant to prevent prolonged air leaks	Evaluated the effectiveness of sealants in preventing prolonged air leaks.	Supports the use of biological sealants in surgery.
[27]	Li SJ, et al.	2017	Fissureless technique for decreasing PAL	Reviewed the efficacy of avoiding pulmonary fissure dissection.	Suggests techniques that minimize surgical air leaks.
[33]	Brunelli A, et al.	2013	Tailored suction in chest drains	Compared tailored suction strategies for managing air leaks.	Influences chest drain management to reduce PAL duration.
[34]	Alphonso N, et al.	2005	Suction vs. non-suction to underwater seal drains	Evaluated the impact of suction on underwater seal drains post-lung resection.	Questions the necessity of suction in drain management.
[35]	Holbek BL, et al.	2019	Effects of low suction on digital drainage devices	Investigated the impact of low suction settings on digital drainage devices.	Supports refined suction strategies in postoperative care.
[48]	Marshall K, et al.	2020	Pain management in thoracic surgery	Reviewed methods for effective pain management in thoracic surgeries.	Emphasizes the importance of pain management in PAL recovery.
[50]	Filosso PL, et al.	2010	Digital air leak monitoring	Reviewed the impact of digital monitoring systems on managing air leaks.	Highlights advancements in monitoring technologies.
[54]	Arai H, et al.	2018	Evaluation of digital drainage systems	Compared outcomes with digital vs. traditional drainage systems.	Demonstrates benefits of digital systems in clinical practice.
[56]	Yagi S, et al.	2022	Clinical utility of digital vs. analog drainage systems	Digital systems reduced the duration of chest drainage compared to analog.	Shows efficacy of digital systems in managing PAL.
[62]	Lee SA, et al.	2021	Digital thoracic drainage systems	Evaluated clinical application of digital systems for air leak management.	Highlights precision and quantification advantages of digital systems.
[64]	Joshi JM	2009	Ambulatory chest drainage	Discussed the efficacy and safety of ambulatory systems for managing PAL.	Advocates for patient mobility and comfort during recovery.
[68]	Liberman M, et al.	2010	Persistent air leak management with chemical pleurodesis	Reviewed incidence and risk factors for persistent air leaks and pleurodesis use.	Highlights chemical pleurodesis as a valuable management option.
[70]	Park EH, et al.	2019	Doxycycline vs. talc for chemical pleurodesis	Compared the efficacy and safety of doxycycline and talc in pleurodesis.	Offers insights into safer pleurodesis options.
[77]	Talebzadeh H, et al.	2023	Glucose solution for pleurodesis	Compared 50% glucose solution to bleomycin for pleurodesis efficacy.	Suggests less common but effective pleurodesis agents.
[81]	Hugen N, et al.	2022	Autologous blood patch for prolonged air leaks	Systematic review on the efficacy of autologous blood patch for PAL.	Validates the effectiveness and safety of the blood patch method.
[93]	Skevis K, et al.	2022	Plasma pleurodesis	Explored fresh frozen plasma as an alternative pleurodesis method.	Introduces novel applications of plasma in pleurodesis.
[97]	Andreetti C, et al.	2010	Autologous platelet gel for persistent air leaks	Investigated the efficacy of platelet gel in sealing air leaks post-lung resection.	Suggests a novel and less invasive option for managing PAL.
[99]	Pinezich MR, et al.	2024	Lung-mimetic hydrofoam sealant	Developed a biodegradable sealant that mimics lung tissue for treating air leaks.	Represents innovative bioengineering approach to PAL management.
[101]	Mahajan AK, et al.	2013	Use of endobronchial valves for persistent air leaks	Demonstrated the effectiveness of endobronchial valves in managing persistent air leaks post-thoracic surgery.	Introduces a minimally invasive method to control PAL, enhancing recovery and reducing the need for further surgical intervention.
[105]	Chen X, et al.	2021	Stem cell therapy for pulmonary disorders	Reviewed potential of mesenchymal stem cells in treating pulmonary disorders including PAL.	Emerging research into regenerative options for PAL treatment.