Table 4.

Antibacterial activities (mg/mL) of red rice hydroethanolic extracts (mean ± SD).

	Red Rice		Ampicillin		Imipenem		Vancomycin
	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC
Gram-negative bacteria
Escherichia coli	20	>20	<0.15	<0.15	<0.0078	<0.0078	n.t.	n.t.
Klebsiella pneumoniae	20	>20	10	20	<0.0078	<0.0078	n.t.	n.t.
Morganella morganii	20	>20	20	>20	<0.0078	<0.0078	n.t.	n.t.
Proteus mirabilis	>20	>20	<0.15	<0.15	<0.0078	<0.0078	n.t.	n.t.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	>20	>20	>20	>20	0.5	1	n.t.	n.t.
Gram-positive bacteria
Enterococcus faecalis	10	>20	<0.15	<0.15	n.t.	n.t.	<0.0078	<0.0078
Listeria monocytogenes	10	>20	<0.15	<0.15	<0.0078	<0.0078	n.t.	n.t.
MRSA	10	>20	<0.15	<0.15	n.t.	n.t.	0.25	0.5

n.t.—not tested; MRSA—methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MIC—minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC—minimal bactericidal concentration.