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. 2024 May 8;13(5):388. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13050388

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid or antigen can stimulate and activate the immune system, leading to a persistent inflammatory state, causing tissue damage, and possibly impairing the function of the CNS. The persistence of antigens or NA in the gastrointestinal system can cause a dysbiosis that can further enhance the inflammatory state or the gut–brain axis (GBA) has an impact on the CNS. Finally, viral antigens can stimulate the formation of microclots, causing damage to endothelium and tissue. Created with BioRender.com.