Table 2.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chitosan-based formulations against various microorganisms, with special observations and supporting references.

S. No.	Type of Formulation	Size of NP/Fibres	Microbes	Special Comments	References
1.	Bletilla striata (BSP) film	0.097 ± 0.004 to 0.136 ± 0.003 mm thickness	Escherichia coli staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	In this study, the author reported that the prepared BSP/CS films may be used to create biomaterials for new wound dressings.	[81]
2.	Eucalyptus-oil-loaded chitosan nanofibres	48.26 nm	Staphylococcus aureus	The developed nano-chitosan/Eucalyptus oil/cellulose acetate nanofibre has excellent antimicrobial properties and shows promise as a wound healing dressing.	[82]
3.	CSNPs	141.20 nm	S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	The dose-dependent antibacterial activity was observed.	[83]
4.	Lecithin-coated CSNPs	235 ± 20 nm	S. aureus	A 2-fold decrease in the survival rate of S. aureus was observed.	[84]
5.	CS-AgNPs	10–30 nm	Methicillin-resistant streptococcus aureus (MRSA)	MRSA was not detected in all treated groups.	[85]
6.	CSNPs	408.30 ± 53.17 nm	S. aureus	More than 90% inhibition rate was observed in CSNP-treated groups.	[86]
7.	AgNPs	-	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli	The prepared sponges loaded with AgNPs show excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli.	[87]
8.	CS-AgNPs	10–50 nm	MRSA and P. aeruginosa	The CS-AgNPs show good antibacterial activity against MRSA and P. aeruginosa.	[88]
9.	CS-AgNPs	22.80 nm	E. coli	The CS film loaded with CS-AgNPs showed higher inhibition against E. coli compared to CS-AgNP solution.	[89]
10.	CS fibres	-	Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans	The prepared fibres showed excellent antibacterial activity.	[90]
11.	CS nanofibres	140–170	E. coli and S. aureus	The CS nanofibres loaded with cinnamon extract enhance the antibacterial activity.	[91]
12.	CSNPs	208.40 ± 15.70 nm	E. coli and S. aureus	The CSNPs show dose-dependent antibacterial activity and have greater effect against S. aureus than E. coli.	[92]
13.	CSNPs	51.67 ± 12.55 nm	S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans	The CSNP loaded with SSD show greater effect against gram +ve bacteria than gram −ve bacteria.	[93]
14.	AgNPs	5–10 nm	Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	The 3D scaffold loaded with AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial activity.	[94]

E. coli—Escherichia coli; S. aureus—Staphylococcus aureus; C. albicans—Candida albicans; SSD—silver sulfadiazine; CS—chitosan; AgNPs—silver nanoparticles; MRSA—Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.