Table 3.

Recent updates on the application of different chitosan-based formulations for wound healing in various types of wounds.

Type of Formulation	Active Compound	Size	Type of Wounds	Zeta Potential	Special Comments	References
Quercetin alginate/chitosan gel	Quercetin	-	Excision wound	-	In comparison to free quercetin, the developed gel was topically efficacious and showed synergistic wound healing potential in Wistar albino rats.	[112]
Chitosan nanofibres	Bromelain and silver nanoparticle	145 ± 73 nm	Second-degree burn	-	In this study, the authors revealed that the prepared bromelain-and-silver-nanoparticle-based CS nanofibres are a promising solution for wound healing.	[113]
CSNPs	Dunaliella salina	425.19 ± 4.21 to 496.89 ± 7.62 nm	Full-thickness excision lesions	22.51 ± 0.50 to 29.21 ± 0.33 mV	This is the first study to show that D. salina-loaded nanoparticles effectively cure wounds.	[5]
Chitosan nanofibres	Cissus quadrangularis (CQ)	77.9–97.4 nm	Cell line study	-	Bilayer sponges containing natural CQ extract exhibited encouraging outcomes as a prospective biomaterial for wound healing purposes.	[114]
CSNPs	Epidermal growth factor (EGF)	63.5–127 nm	Excision wounds	+35 to +40 mV	The developed chitosan nanoparticles are a viable medium for safe delivery of EGF for wound healing applications.	[115]
Chitosan hydrogels	Melanin nanoparticles	216 ± 30 nm	-	+30 ± 14 mV	This work proposes a unique three-dimensional therapy based on natural macromolecules that accelerates wound healing through dual routes while minimising the wound stress response, which is important for the development of therapeutic phototherapy techniques.	[6]
CSNPs	Gallic acid	252.90 ± 3.09 nm	Excision wound	+33.50 ± 0.30 mV	The hexosamine and collagen content were highest in the CSNP-treated group.	[116]
Hydrogel	Lupeol-loaded chitosan–Ag+ nanoparticle	291.9 ± 23.1 to 508.1 ± 26.9 nm	Infected full-thickness wounds	-	The developed hydrogel exhibits significant promise as a versatile therapeutic platform with the capacity to expedite wound healing and proficiently combat bacterial infections in clinical environments.	[117]
CSNPs	Curcumin	359 ± 65 nm	Full-thickness wound	−10.70 ± 0.10 mV	The curcumin-loaded-CSNP-treated groups show the highest collagen content.	[118]
Patches	Doxycycline	50–100 nm	Excision wound	– 24.4 mV	The authors reported that the chitosan-based skin patch incorporating doxycycline holds promise as a viable dressing for the management and enhancement of skin wound healing.	[119]
AgNPs	Ag	190–200 nm	Full-thickness wound	-	CS-AgNPs generated hydroxyproline content of 27.53 0.47 mg/g, 1.6 times greater than the control group and nearly identical to the level seen in the original tissue.	[120]
CS-AgNPs	Ag	200 nm	Excisional wound	-	The result from this study reveals that the prepared CS-AgNPs enhance the antibacterial and wound healing activity.	[121]
CSNPs	Melatonin	160–165 nm	Diabetic full-thickness wound	+25 Mv	No significant difference in collagen content was observed.	[122]
CSNPs	Curcumin	257–260 nm	Full-thickness wound	+30 ± 14 mV	The curcumin-loaded CSNPs hasten the wound healing due to synergistic action shown by chitosan and curcumin.	[123]
CSNPs	Insulin	294–300 nm	Full-thickness wound	+17.89 ± 0.74 mV	The prepared scaffold helps in wound healing; there was a 45% reduction in wound size.	[124]
CSNP-loaded nanofibres	Curcumin	32.17 ± 0.39 nm	Excisional wound	-	The prepared electrospun nanofibres show superior antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The nanofibres loaded with curcumin nanoparticles also help in wound healing.	[125]