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Mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides. (a) Damage of cell membranes, causing cell lysis. (b) Interference with internal cellular processes. (c) Inhibition of biofilm formation. (d) Interaction with external cell structures such as lipopolysaccharides, fimbriae, or flagella in bacteria or chitin in fungi. (e) Inhibition of virus attachment or replication [59].
