Table 1.
Peptide protease inhibitors derived from plants with antimicrobial activity.
| Plant Family | Plant Source | Name | Type of PPI | MW (kDa) | Activity | Target Microorganisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) |
Inga edulis | Inga Edulis Trypsin Inhibitor (IETI) | Kunitz | 19.7 | Antifungal | Candida tropicalis and Candida buinensis | [76] |
| Inga laurina | Inga Laurina Trypsin Inhibitor (ILTI) | Kunitz | 20 | Antifungal | C. tropicalis and C. buinensis | [84] | |
| Acacia plumosa | Acacia plumosa Trypsin Inhibitor (ApTI A, B, C) | Kunitz | 20 | Antifungal | Aspergillus niger, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, and Colletotrichum spp. | [77] | |
| Acacia nilotica | Acacia nilotica Trypsin Inhibitor (AnTI) | Trypsin inhibitor | 21 | Antibacterial |
G+: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, G−: Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
[62] | |
| Albizia amara | Proteinaceous protease inhibitor (API) | Unknown | 49 | Antibacterial |
G+: B. subtilis
G−: P. aeruginosa |
[87] | |
| Antifungal | C. albicans | ||||||
| Luetzelburgia auriculata | Luetzelburgia auriculata Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (LzaBBI) | Bowman-Birk | 14.3 | Antibacterial | G+: S. aureus | [88] | |
| Cassia fistula | Fistulin | Trypsin inhibitor | 4 | Antibacterial |
G+: S. aureus, and B. subtilis G−: Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa |
[89] | |
| Adenanthera pavonina | Adepamycin | Trypsin inhibitor | 2.4 | Antibacterial |
G+: S. aureus G−: E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa |
[90,91] | |
| Antifungal | C. albicans and C. tropicalis | ||||||
| Solanaceae | Solanum tuberosum L. Cv. Golden Valley | Potide-G | Kunitz | 5.57 | Antibacterial |
G+: S. aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes G−: E. coli |
[26] |
| Antifungal |
C. albicans and Rhizoctonia solani |
||||||
| S. tuberosum L. Cv. Gogu Valley | Peptide G2 (PG-2) | Kunitz | 3.2 | Antibacterial | G+: S. aureus | [92] | |
| Antifungal | C. albicans | ||||||
| S. tuberosum L. Cv. L. Jopung | Antifungal protein J (AFP-J) | Kunitz | 13.5 | Antifungal |
C. albicans, Trichosporon beigelii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
[63] | |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Yellow Bell Pepper Trypsin Inhibitor (YBPTI) |
Trypsin inhibitor | Antifungal | C. albicans | [93] | ||
| Cucurbitaceae | Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. | Coccinia grandis (L.) inhibitor | Protease inhibitor | 14.3 | Antibacterial |
G+: S. aureus, and B. subtilis G−: K. pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and E. coli |
[83] |
| Antifungal | C. albicans, Mucor indicus, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus oryzae, and Cryptococcus neoformans | ||||||
| Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus frangula | RflP-1 | Kunitz | 22.5 | Antibacterial |
G+: Bacillus sp. and Bacillus licheniformis |
[94,95] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Jatropha curcas | Jatropha curcas Trypsin inhibitor I (JcTI-I) |
Trypsin inhibitor | 10.2 | Antibacterial |
G+: S. aureus
G−: Salmonella enterica |
[96] |
| Asteraceae | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor 1 (SFTI1) | Trypsin inhibitor | Antibacterial |
G+: Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium |
[97] | |
| Moringaceae | Moringa oleifera | Moringa oleifera Protein Inhibitor (MoPI) |
Phytocystatin | 19 | Antibacterial | G+: S. aureus, and E. faecalis | [98] |
| Lamiaceae | Salvia hispanica | Salvia hispanica Trypsin Inhibitor (ShTI) | Trypsin inhibitor | 11 | Antibacterial |
G+: Methicillin-resistant
S. aureus |
[99] |