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. 2024 May 15;16(5):783. doi: 10.3390/v16050783

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The HPV16 genome and viral life cycle. (A) Diagram of the HPV16 genome. Coloured arcs represent the viral open reading frames. LCR, long control region. Promoters are indicated with the letter P followed by a number and a horizontal arrow. p(AE), early polyadenylation site. p(AL), late polyadenylation site. (B) Diagram of an infected epithelium. Undifferentiated cells are coloured red/pink, differentiated cells are coloured pink/purple, and terminally differentiated cells at the top of the epithelium are coloured purple. Cells showing purple enlarged nuclei surrounded with halos represent koilocytes, a cytopathic effect of HPV infection. Virions (small orange stars) are produced in, and released from, the outermost layer of the epithelium. Arrows and triangles to the right-hand side indicate expression profiles of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, replication factors E1 and E2, and capsid proteins L1 and L2. Cartoons of immune cells coloured red and blue are shown in the dermis. Partially created with Biorender.