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. 2024 May 10;10:e47064. doi: 10.2196/47064

Table 6.

Results of a relative frequency analysis showing a list of words that were reported significantly (P<.05) more often by long-haulers or non–long-haulers. These words were extracted from smell-related self-reports in a web-based survey on COVID-19 that was administered globally between September 2020 and February 2021.


Log-likelihood Occurrencea
Food items

Lemon 7.62 0.78

Vinegar 9.90 –0.50

Cheese 6.12 –0.52

Wine 12.60 –0.63

Mustard 4.22 –0.76

Red wine 9.46 –0.86
Nonfood items

Weird 7.62 0.78

Fire 7.62 0.78

Gas 10.20 0.72

Eucalyptus 4.75 0.71

Detergent 6.14 0.64

Air 9.14 0.60

Scent 8.07 0.32

Burning 4.90 0.27

Smoke 4.05 0.24

Thing 9.40 0.19

Very 5.90 0.13

Smell 4.08 0.03

aA larger occurrence value indicates that words were reported more frequently by long-haulers, and a lower (negative) value indicates a higher frequency for non–long-haulers.