Fig. 1.

Energy metabolism in normal myocardium. In general, the myocardium uses fatty acids (FAs), glucose, lactic acid, ketone bodies, and amino acids (AAs) to maintain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. BCAAs: branched chain amino acids; FABP: fatty acid-binding protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; BCKDH: branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase; PP2Cm: protein phosphatase 2C family member; BCKDK: BCKDH kinase; BCKA: branched-chain α-ketoacid; ANT: adenine nucleotide translocator; CPT: carnitine palmitoyl transferase; MPC: mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; OAA: oxaloacetic acid; TCA: tricarboxylic acid cycle; α-KG: α-ketoglutaric acid.