Table 3.
Standardised mean differences in gender identity, gender expression and gender (and body) dysphoria in those with and without autistic traits.
| Non-autistic traits |
Autistic traits |
Difference in standardised meana |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | N | Diff | 95% CI | p value | |
| Gender Identityb | ||||||||
| Gender identity—Slider (Continuum) | ||||||||
| Male slider—birth-assigned male (congruence) | 89 | 15.0 (5.0–31.0) | 57 | 10.0 (1.0–31.0) | 146 | −0.1 | −0.4 to 0.3 | 0.69 |
| Female slider—birth-assigned male (incongruence) | 94 | 75.0 (61.0–95.0) | 57 | 81.0 (56.0–95.0) | 151 | 0.0 | −0.3 to 0.3 | 0.92 |
| Male slider—birth-assigned female (incongruence) | 167 | 86.0 (71.0–96.0) | 164 | 85.0 (66.0–96.0) | 331 | −0.1 | −0.4 to 0.1 | 0.19 |
| Female slider—birth-assigned female (congruence) | 169 | 6.0 (1.0–21.0) | 160 | 6.0 (1.0–16.0) | 329 | −0.1 | −0.3 to 0.1 | 0.31 |
| Gender Expressionc | ||||||||
| Gender diverse behaviour | ||||||||
| Gender diverse behaviour (GIQ -14 item) | 98 | 2.1 (1.9–2.7) | 55 | 2.5 (2.1–2.9) | 153 | 0.2 | −0.2 to 0.5 | 0.32 |
| Gender Dysphoriac | ||||||||
| Gender preoccupation and stability | ||||||||
| GPSQ Total score | 214 | 39.5 (35.0–45.0) | 205 | 41.0 (37.0–45.0) | 419 | 0.1 | −0.1 to 0.3 | 0.20 |
| Body Dysphoria | ||||||||
| Body dissatisfaction: Body Image (BIS)c | ||||||||
| Overall body | 192 | 3.5 (3.2–3.8) | 188 | 3.7 (3.3–4.0) | 380 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.0043 |
| Primary characteristics | 191 | 4.4 (4.0–4.8) | 187 | 4.6 (4.1–4.8) | 378 | 0.1 | −0.1 to 0.3 | 0.53 |
| Secondary characteristics | 192 | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | 188 | 3.7 (3.2–4.1) | 380 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.0011 |
| Hormonally unresponsive body characteristics | 192 | 3.0 (2.6–3.4) | 188 | 3.2 (2.8–3.5) | 380 | 0.2 | 0.0–0.4 | 0.016 |
| Voice dysphoriac | ||||||||
| Frequency of distress about voice (min 6; max 24) | 194 | 13.5 (10.0–18.0) | 190 | 16.0 (12.0–20.0) | 384 | 0.3 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.00087 |
| Chest dysphoriac | ||||||||
| Overall chest dysphoria (min 0; max 48) | 57 | 26.0 (19.0–32.0) | 78 | 27.0 (22.0–34.0) | 135 | 0.2 | −0.1 to 0.5 | 0.26 |
a
Simple linear regression was used to assess the association between gender diversity and the autistic trait (yes/no) adjusting for the effect of age and assigned gender at birth (except for sex-specific outcomes). Marginal effects as difference in standardise mean was estimated using the fitted models.
b
Difference in standardised mean is adjusted for age.
c
Difference in standardised mean is adjusted for age and assigned gender at birth.