Table 4. Summary of description, investigation, and intervention according to birth injuries.
HIE: hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; EEG: electroencephalogram; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MRA: magnetic resonance arteriography; MRV: magnetic resonance venography; CT: computed tomography; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; FFP: fresh frozen plasma.
| Birth injuries with description | n | Investigation | Intervention |
| Soft tissue (n = 40) | None | Conservative/expectant (n = 38), suturing of laceration (n = 2) | |
| Laceration | 34 | ||
| Abrasions | 4 | ||
| Bruises | 2 | ||
| Musculoskeletal/fracture (n = 7) | X-rays (n = 6), CT brain (n = 1) | Arm sling (n = 2), splint (n = 3), NICU and then craniotomy (n = 1) | |
| Clavicle fracture (isolated) | 4 | ||
| Clavicle fracture + femur fracture | 1 | ||
| Humerus fracture | 1 | ||
| Parietal depressed skull fracture/subarachnoid hemorrhage | 1 | ||
| Intracranial bleed/cephalhematoma (n = 2) | X-rays and CT (n = 1), X-rays and ultrasound (n = 1) | Observation (n = 2) | |
| Subgaleal hematoma | 1 | ||
| Cephalhematoma and abrasion | 1 | ||
| Intracranial bleed/cephalhematoma + musculoskeletal fracture (n = 2) | EEG/MRI/MRA/MRV, coagulation profile, X-rays | FFP transfusion + intubation + antibiotics (n = 1), observed for fits, oxygen support in NICU, paracetamol (n = 1) | |
| HIE + subgaleal hemorrhage + clavicular fracture | 1 | ||
| HIE + left clavicular fracture + bruises on arms | 1 | ||