Table 3.
Demographic data for the included studies
| Study | Total sample size | Allocation sample size | Sex F:M | Age range (mean ± standard deviation) | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barene and Krustrup 2022 [62] | 69 |
I: 34 C: 35 |
69:0 |
25–65 I: 46.3 ± 9.5 C: 44.8 ± 8.9 |
Hospital employees |
| Bass et al. 2002 [76] | 80 |
I: 35 C: 45 |
48:32 |
17–29 (NR) |
University students |
| Bisbe et al. 2020 [63] | 31 |
I: 17 C: 14 |
15:16 |
65–85 I: 72.9 ± 5.6 C: 72.3 ± 5.2 |
Older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment |
| Chuang et al. 2015 [77] | 18 |
I: 7 C: 11 |
18:0 |
65–75 I: 69.4 ± 3.8 C: 76.0 ± 1.7 |
Sedentary elderly females |
| Dahmen-Zimmer and Jansen 2017 [78] | 25 |
I: 12 C: 25 |
10:27 |
NR I: 73.4 ± 6.7 C: 68.9 ± 7.2 |
Parkinson’s disease |
| Gray et al. 2018 [84] | 23 |
I: 11 C: 12 |
23:0 |
NR I: 63.8 ± 4.3 C: 61.8 ± 5.5 |
Community-dwelling women not meeting MVPA |
| Hamacher et al. 2015 [64] | 35 |
I: 24 C: 25 |
21:14 |
NR I: 67.2 ± 3.4 C: 68.5 ± 3.1 |
Sedentary older healthy adults MMSE less than 27/30 |
| Johnston et al. 2021 [81] | 291 |
I: 153 C: 138 |
220:71 |
NR I: 18.3 ± 1.2 C: 18.9 ± 1.3 |
University students |
| Kaltsatou et al. 2014 [65] | 38 |
I: 19 C: 19 |
0:38 |
NR I: 67.2 ± 4.2 C: 67.1 ± 7.2 |
Stage 2 and 3 heart failure |
| Lee et al. 2009 [66] | 48 |
I: 21 C: 27 |
48:0 |
NR (Whole cohort 13.3 ± 0.1) |
Female youth |
| Leite et al. 2021 [85] | 36 |
I: 18 C: 18 |
36:0 |
NR I: 53.0 ± 10.0 C: 53.0 ± 8.0 |
Patients with breast cancer (stages 0–3) during hormonal therapy |
| Leste and Rust 1984 [79] | 50 |
I: 29 C: 21 |
39:11 |
NR [Whole cohort 19.9 (no SD)] |
Tertiary students |
| Mendonça et al. 2015 [87] | 64 |
I: 18 C1: 25 C2: 21 |
64:0 |
22–55 (Whole cohort 41.4 ± 9.2) |
Healthy females |
| Merom et al. 2016 [68] | 115 |
I: 61 C: 54 |
88:27 |
NR (Whole cohort 69.5 ± 6.4) |
Healthy, older adults |
| McKinley et al. 2008 [67] | 25 |
I: 14 C: 11 |
19:6 |
NR I: 78.1 ± 7.6 C: 74.6 ± 8.4 |
60+ years, 1+ unexplained fall in previous year |
| Müller et al. 2017 [69] | 22 |
T1 I: 20 C: 18 T2 I: 12 C: 10 |
10:11 |
NR I: 68.3 ± 3.9 C: 68.6 ± 2.8 |
Healthy, older adults |
| Neville and Makopoulou 2021 [82] | 40 |
I: 20 C: 20 |
20:20 |
I: 7–8 (7.4 ± 0.5) C: 7–8 (7.4 ± 0.5) |
Primary school children |
| Norouzi et al. 2020 [86] | 40 |
I: 20 C: 20 |
40:0 |
I: 30–40 (35.5 ± 2.4) C: 30–40 (35.5 ± 2.4) |
Mid-aged females with fibromyalgia |
| Nørregaard et al. 1997 [70] | 30 |
I: 5 C: 11 |
NR |
NR I: 44.0 ± 8.0 C: 51.0 ± 1.0* |
Generalised musculoskeletal pain |
| Oppici et al. 2020 [71] | 74 |
I1: 26 I2: 29 C: 19 |
50:30 |
I1: 8–10 (8.8 ± 0.5) I2: 8–10 (8.7 ± 0.7) C: 8–10 (8.9 ± 0.7) |
Primary school children with high or low cognition |
| Poier et al. 2019 [72] | 29 |
I: 14 C: 15 |
17:12 |
NR I: 68.5 ± 8.1 C: 68.9 ± 11.0 |
People with Parkinson's disease aged 50–90 years |
| Rawson et al. 2019 [83] | 70 |
I: 39 C: 31 |
28:42 |
NR I: 66.7 ± 9.5 C: 68.5 ± 9.5 |
People with Parkinson's disease aged over 30 years |
| Rodziewicz-Flis et al. 2022 [88] | 20 |
I: 10 C: 10 |
20:0 |
65–82 I: 72.1 ± 4.1 C: 74.3 ± 4.6 |
Community-dwelling older women |
| Salamuddin et al. 2014 [73] | 60 |
I: 30? C: 30? |
60:0 | NR | Undergraduate sedentary females |
| Teixeira–Machado et al. 2017 [74] | 26 |
I: 13 C: 13 |
15:11 |
NR I: 17.1 ± 2.4 C: 18.0 ± 3.5 |
Cerebral palsy |
| Volpe et al. 2013 [75] | 24 |
I: 12 C: 12 |
11:13 |
56–73 I: 61.6 ± 4.5 C: 65.0 ± 5.3 |
Parkinson’s disease |
| Voss et al. 2019 [89] | 124 |
I: 46 C1: 43 C2: 35 |
87:37 |
NR I: 65.7 ± 4.6 C1: 65.9 ± 4.3 C2: 65.5 ± 4.7 |
Community-dwelling older adults aged 60–80 |
F female, M male, NR not reported, I intervention group, C comparator group, T1 first follow-up, T2 second follow-up, ? assumed, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
*Significant difference reported between groups