Table 4.
Intervention details of included studies and summary of findings
| Study | Intervention | Comparator | Session duration (min) | Session frequency (per week) | Study length | Retention | Outcome measure(s) | In favour of dance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barene and Krustrup 2022 [62] | Zumba | Soccer | 60 |
T1: 3 T2: 2 |
40 weeks T1: 12 weeks T2: 28 weeks |
T1 I: 85% C: 83% T2 I: 59% C: 49% |
Psychological Self-efficacy—3 items from 10-item Generalized Self Efficacy scale Emotional wellbeing—5 items from RAND 36 Item Health Survey |
T1: N T2: = T1: N T2: = |
| Bass et al. 2002 [76] | Aerobic dance | Weight training | 45a | 3 | 8 weeks | NR |
Psychological Stress—Survey of Recent Life Experiences |
N* |
| Bisbe et al. 2020 [63] | Choreographed dances (Salsa, rock, rumba, pop, jive) | Physical therapy (Strength, endurance, flexibility, gait, balance) | 60 | 2 | 12 weeks |
I: 94% C: 78% |
Cognitive Verbal memory—WMS-III Delayed recall Recognition Visual memory—RBANS Delayed recall Recognition Processing speed—Trail Making Test -A Executive function—Trail Making Test -B Executive function—Letter Verbal Fluency Language—Boston Naming Test Language—Category Verbal Fluency Visuospatial—Judgment Line Orientation Global cognition—MMSE Psychological Anxiety—HADS Depression—HADS QoL—Short Form 36 |
= Y = = = = = = N = = = = = |
| Chuang et al. 2015 [77] | Dance Dance Revolution | Brisk walking | 30 | 3 | 12 weeks |
I: 88% C: 85% |
Cognitive Executive function—Flanker Task |
= |
| Dahmen-Zimmer and Jansen 2017 [78] | Line dance, rumba and waltz movements | Karate (Kihon, Kumite and Kata) | 60 | 1 | 30 weeks |
I: 75% C: 64% |
Cognitive Cognitive processing—Number Connection Test General cognitive ability—PANDA Psychological Anxiety and depression—HADS Emotional wellbeing—MDBF QoL—12-item Short Form Health Survey Self-efficacy—Short Scale of General Self-Efficacy (not reported in Results) |
* = = = = = N? |
| Gray et al. 2018 [84] | Dance (genre unspecified) | Walking | 60 | 2 | 6 weeks |
I: 97% C: 100% |
Psychological Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE) |
= |
| Hamacher et al. 2015 [64] | Jazz, Latin American, rock’n’roll, line and square dance | Health-related exercise | 90 | 2 | 6 months |
I: 79% C: 64% |
Cognitive Dual task—Successive Subtraction |
= |
| Johnston et al. 2021 [81] | Aerobic dance | Team sport (Volleyball or soccer) | 90 | 1 | 12 weeks |
I: 100% C: 100% |
Psychological Anxiety—Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) Stress—Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) Depression—Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R) |
= = N |
| Kaltsatou et al. 2014 [65] | Greek dance | Formal exercise | 50–60 | 3 | 8 months |
I: 95% C: 84% |
Psychological QoL—Short Form 36 QoL—Life Satisfaction Inventory Motivation—Intrinsic Motivation Inventory Enjoyment/interest Effort/importance Perceived competence Pressure/tension |
= = Y Y Y Y = |
| Lee et al. 2009 [66] | Qi gong dancing | Similar movements, without the concept of meridian Qi flow | 40 | 2 | 2 months |
I: 100% C: 100% |
Cognitive Mental stress—Stroop or Mental Arithmetic Psychological Distress—Symptom Checklist 90 Revision Hostility Somatisation Obsession Compulsion Interpersonal Sensitivity Depression Anxiety Phobic Anxiety Paranoid Ideation Psychoticism |
= = Y Y = = = = = = = |
| Leite et al. 2021 [85] | Belly dance | Mat Pilates (Stotts) | 60 | 3 | 16 weeks |
I: 72% C: 72% |
Psychological Depression—Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Self-esteem—Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale |
= = |
| Leste and Rust 1984 [79] | Modern dance | Physical education | NR | NR | 3 months? |
I: 79% C: 76% |
Psychological Anxiety—Spielberg State & Trait Anxiety Inventory |
= * |
| Mendonça et al. 2015 [87] | Brazilian folk dance | Strength hydrogymnastic | 50–60 | 3 | 16 weeks | NR |
Psychological Self-esteem—Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale Body image perception—Scale of Stunkard silhouettes Satisfaction with physical appearance—Likert scale Perception of health—Likert scale Depression—Beck Depression Inventory |
= = = = = |
| Merom et al. 2016 [68] | Ballroom | Walking | 60 | 2 | 8 months |
I: 66% C: 72% |
Cognitive Executive function—Trail Making Tests Visuospatial immediate and delayed memory—Brief Visuospatial memory test Response inhibition—Stroop Working memory—Digits Span Backwards Verbal immediate and delayed memory and learning—Rey Auditory verbal learning test Verbal intelligence—Spot the Word Test |
= = = = = = |
| McKinley et al. 2008 [67] | Argentine tango | Walking | 90 | 2 | 10 weeks |
I: 93% C: 64% |
Cognitive Cognitive function—Folstein Mini-Mental Status Test Psychological Balance confidence—ABC |
= = |
| Müller et al. 2017 [69] | Line, jazz, rock’n’roll, square dance | Strength and endurance training | 90 |
T1: 2 T2: 1 |
18 months T1: 6 months T2: 12 months |
T1 I: 77% C: 69% T2 I: 60% C: 56% |
Cognitive Attention—Test of Attentional Performance Verbal immediate and delayed memory and learning—Rey Auditory verbal learning test |
= (T1 &T2) = (T1 &T2) |
| Neville and Makopoulou 2021 [82] | Dance-based physical education | Sport-based physical education | 50 | 1 | 6 weeks |
I: 100% C: 100% |
Cognitive Creativity—Alternative Uses Test |
= |
| Norouzi et al. 2021 [86] | Zumba | Aerobic exercise (treadmill) | 60 | 3 | 12 weeks |
I: 100% C: 100% |
Cognitive Working memory—N-Back Task Psychological Depression—Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) |
Y Y |
| Nørregaard et al. 1997 [70] | Aerobic dance | Steady-state exercise | 50 | 3 | 12 weeks |
I: 33% C: 73% |
Psychological Depression—Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) |
= |
| Oppici et al. 2020 [71] | Jazz dance | Sport-based physical education | 55 | 2 | 7 weeks |
I: 75% (high cog group); 97% (low cog group) C: 95% |
Cognitive Working memory—National Institute for Health Toolbox Flexibility—Dimensional Change Card Sort Test Executive function—Flanker Test |
= = = |
| Poier et al. 2019 [72] | Argentine Tango | Tai Chi | 60 | 1 | 10 weeks |
I: 78% C: 79% |
Cognitive General cognition—PDQ-39 (sub score) Psychological Emotional wellbeing—PDQ-39 (sub score) Stigma—PDQ-39 (sub score) Social support—PDQ-39 (sub score) Life satisfaction—Brief Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale Inner congruence—Inner Correspondence and Feelings of Peaceful Relief |
= Y = = = = |
| Rawson et al. 2019 [83] | Argentine Tango | Treadmill | 60 | 2 | 12 weeks |
I: 91% C: 76% |
Psychological QoL—PDQ39 (total score) |
= |
| Rodziewicz-Flis et al. 2022 [88] | Polish Folk Dance | Balance training | 50 | 3 | 12 weeks |
I: 70% C: 80% |
Psychological Reactive stress tolerance—Determination Test (Vienna Test System) |
= |
| Salamuddin et al. 2014 [73] | Step-dance aerobics | Walking and jogging | 60 | 4 | 12 weeks | NR |
Psychological Self-esteem—Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale |
= ?** |
| Teixeira- Machado et al. 2017 [74] | Modern dance based on somatic methods | Kinesiotherapy | 60 | 2 | 3 months |
I: 100% C: 100% |
Cognitive Social cognition—Functional Independence Measure Psychosocial adjustments Cognitive function |
Y Y |
| Volpe et al. 2013 [75] | Irish dancing | Physio exercises | 90 | 1 | 6 months |
I: 100%? C: 100%? |
Psychological QoL—PDQ39 (total score) |
= |
| Voss et al. 2019 [89] | Contra and English Country Dancing |
C1: strength, stretch and stability training C2: walk |
60 | 3 | 24 weeks |
I: 87% C1: 83% C2: 90% |
Cognitive Memory—VCAP Perceptual speed—VCAP Fluid abilities—VCAP, Task Switching, Spatial Working Memory Vocabulary—VCAP |
= = N to C1 = to C2 = |
C comparator, NR not reported, Cog cognition, Y yes, N No, = equal effect between intervention and comparator groups, MDBF Multi Dimensional Mood Questionnaire, MMSE Mini-Mental State Exam, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, QoL Quality of Life, PANDA Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment, ABC Activities Balance-Specific Confidence Scale, RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, PDQ39 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, VCAP Virginia Cognitive Aging Project Task Battery, WMS-III Wechsler Memory Scale third edition, ? implied, T1 first follow-up, T2 second follow-up
*Significant sex differences
**Groups significantly different at baseline; aweight training session duration NR